中国牛亚科家畜GH基因编码区序列的遗传变异研究

采用PCR产物直接双向测序法,分段扩增普通牛、瘤牛、牦牛、大额牛和亚洲水牛共5个牛种的GH基因,并拼接成编码区全序列,分析中国牛亚科家畜不同牛种GH基因编码区序列变异及其分子进化特征。结果表明,牛GH基因编码区序列全长654bp,种间核苷酸突变率在0．1％～1．84％。5个牛种编码区序列定义了10种单倍型,瘤牛的单倍型多样性最高,大额牛和水牛均无单倍型多样性。GH基因编码区序列的密码子使用存在偏倚性,共发现了25个偏好性密码子。核苷酸的替代以转换为主,转换明显高于颠换,转换／颠换比为3．0。非同义突变位点远远少于同义突变位点,同义与非同义替代发生的速率比都小于或等于1,表明GH基因编码区序列不受达尔文正选择的影响。以GH基因单倍型序列为基础的分子进化树表明,水牛与普通牛、瘤牛、牦牛、大额牛间分化很明显;普通牛、瘤牛、牦牛、大额牛间序列分化并不明显,并且它们共同拥有一条相同的祖先核苷酸序列。说明中国牛亚科家畜GH基因编码区序列的变异相当贫乏,并且由于功能的约束表现得相当保守,进化速率相当缓慢。     

近20年来陕西省农作物碳截获的时空特征

[目的]研究近20a陕西省农作物碳截获的时空特征及其影响因素,为区域生态系统碳循环研究提供参考依据。[方法]基于陕西省主要作物的产量、播种面积等数据,运用系数法、灰色关联模型等进行估算与分析。[结果](1)1991—2012年陕西省主要作物的碳截获量呈波动式增加,其中粮食作物的碳截获量大于经济作物,且粮食作物的年际波动比经济作物稳定。(2)研究区主要作物碳截获量及其变化存在明显的空间差异,4个地理区作物碳截获量的大小依次为:关中地区陕南地区陕北黄土高原区陕北风沙区,且除陕南地区外,其他3大区域的作物碳截获量都呈增加趋势。主要作物碳截获的重心位于西安和咸阳地区,呈由西南向东北方向移动的变化趋势。(3)在各因素中,作物的有效灌溉面积、旱涝保收面积和播种面积对其碳截获量的影响较大,且各因素与作物碳截获量的关联度存在明显的空间差异。[结论]陕西省作物生长过程中起到明显的碳汇作用,但其碳截获的增速小于中国大部分地区,提高有效灌溉率和人为投入,有利于增加作物的碳截获量,对缓解区域碳减排的压力具有现实意义。     

V型小麦细胞质雄性不育系育性恢复基因的SSR分子标记分析

用(V9112 89A/ /济南13/ 97美斯6 )三交F1代分离群体的极端不育株和极端可育株分别建立保持池和恢复池,利用1BS和1DS上的SSR引物对两池和亲本进行了多态性分析研究,发现1BS上的4个引物GWM11、GWM18、GWM2 6 4和GWM2 73在两亲本间有稳定差异,但1DS上没有找到有差异的引物。通过在分离群体上验证,发现这4个1BS上的引物与育性恢复基因间的交换值均大于5 0 %。推测,V型不育系不适于用三交F1代分离群体进行遗传距离分析。     

改进实数遗传算法在减速器设计中的应用

在现有文献研究的基础上,采用一种改进的实数遗传算法对减速器优化设计问题进行了优化研究,取得了较好的效果。该改进算法不仅可快速产生初始种群,而且实现了子代种群的产生在优化方向上进行,提高了算法的搜索能力,克服了子代个体位置限制的不足,有利于保持种群的多样性,提高了避免未成熟收敛于局部最优解的能力。     

寄生蜂细胞色素P450基因家族进化分析

寄生蜂是重要的天敌昆虫,被广泛应用于生物防治,但在实际生产应用中面临诸多问题,如环境适应性和耐药性问题。细胞色素P450是真核生物中广泛存在的超基因家族酶系,参与农药、植物次生代谢物及环境有害物质等的代谢,同时也参与昆虫体内多种内源性化合物的合成与代谢。本文通过对植食性榕小蜂和9种寄生蜂基因组数据的生物信息学分析,共获得615个P450基因,分析表明不同寄生蜂P450基因家族的差异主要发生在CYP3和CYP4簇,而CYP2和Mito簇相对保守;相较于外寄生蜂,内寄生蜂的P450超基因家族有明显的收缩现象;此外,发现了2个在寄生蜂中1：1：1高度保守的P450基因,CYP18和CYP314,以及茧蜂特有的CYP304基因和内寄生蜂特有的CYP28基因。本研究从基因组水平系统地分析了寄生蜂P450超基因家族的进化,为寄生蜂的遗传改良和规模化饲养等提供理论基础。     

A molecular detection and identification method for papaya mealybug （Paracoccus marginatus）, the first recorded invasive pest in Fujian province of China北大核心CSCD

【Objective】Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink is an invasive pest with strong diffusion and fecundity. It has caused serious damage to the papaya industry in Central America, Florida (USA), Guam (USA) and India. Pa. marginatus was first discovered in Fujian Province (Fuzhou and Zhangzhou) in 2017, showing great potential risks to papaya and other fruit crops, as well as flower industry in Fujian province. Because of the small body size and similar morphological characteristics, the morphological identification of mealybugs was inefficient. Rapid molecular identification of different species could be achieved through the use of DNA barcoding technology. Therefore, a technology for rapid molecular identification of Pa. marginatus was established based on the species-specific PCR method. 【Methods】A species-specific PCR method based on ribosomal DNA-28S gene fragment (28S rDNA) was exploited to establish one technology for rapid detection and identification of Pa. marginatus. The additional 10 species of mealybugs (Phenacoccus solenopsis, Dysmicoccus boninsis, Nipaecoccus viridis, Phenacoccus solani, Pseudococcus comstocki, Pseudococcus cryptus, Planococcus lilacinus, Pseudococcus odermatti, Planococcus minor and Phenacoccus madeirensi) were collected in the fields as the contrast. In order to ensure the uniqueness of the source of DNA, the DNA templates were all extracted from one single female adult of these 11 species of mealybugs, respectively. 28S rDNA of the 11 species was amplified by a pair of universal primers (S3660/A335). The obtained partial fragments of 28S rDNA were sequenced. And the phylogenetic tree was established by using a Neighbor-joining (NJ) method. According to the obtained 28S rDNA gene partial sequence of the 11 species and 28S rDNA gene sequences of Paracoccus galzerae in GeneBank database, the sequence alignment and analysis were performed on DNAMAN. 28S rDNA species-specific primers (28S-ParF/ 28S-MarR) for Pa. marginatus were designed by selecting the sites with large differences in the sequence. And then, the specific effects, versatility and sensitivity of the specific primers were examined. 【Results】The comparative results showed that the similarity between Pa. marginatus and Paracoccus marginatus isolate S3-668, KP692333 in the GenBank database was 100%. It was also indicated that the mealybugs were identified as Pa. marginatus by molecular identification. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Pa. marginatus from Fuzhou and Zhangzhou was clustered in a clade. And that combined with Paracoccus galzerae (inter-species genetic distance is 0.058) to form a clade of the genus Paracoccus. The results of specificity tests showed that all Pa. marginatus specimens could be detected positively and a 446 bp fragment of the 28S rDNA of Pa. marginatus was obtained by the species-specific primers, while there was no cross reactions with other 10 species of mealybugs. The species-specific primers not only had a stable amplification effect on female adults, but also were proved to be applicable for the 2nd instar nymphs and the 3rd instar nymphs. Pa. marginatus from three different regions (Fuzhou and Zhangzhou in Fujian province, Jinghong in Yunnan province) and six different host plants (Carica papaya, Solanum melongena, Plumeria rubra, Solanum tuberosum, Tithonia diversifolia and Duranta erecta) was also successfully detected by the species-specific primers.【Conclusion】Molecular identification of Pa. marginatus first reported in Fujian province was carried out based on 28S rDNA molecular markers. It was proved by experiments that the 28S rDNA species-specific primers had ideal and stable specificity for Pa. marginatus and could be used to identify Pa. marginatus accurately. A rapid molecular detection technique for Pa. marginatus was established based on the species-specific PCR method. The technology has the characteristics of accuracy, rapidity, sensitivity and simplicity. Our present results indicated that the rapid detection technique should be useful in quarantine at ports, in pest detection and in monitoring during transportation of papaya and other fruit tree seedlings, as well as flowers. However, in view of the fact that no other mealybugs of the genus Paracoccus has been reported in China, this study can provide a reference for the molecular identification for the closely related species of Pa. marginatus. © 2019 Journal of Fruit Science     

分子标记技术与物种多样性保护

概述了分子标记技术的发展对物种多样性保护的作用。应用各种分子标记技术(如RAPD、AFLP、SSR、ITS等),可以进行种质鉴定、物种亲缘关系的鉴别、分析系统演化进展和种群地理格局及异质种群动态等问题研究,对指导物种多样性保护,尤其是解决物种多样性保护的难题,分析物种珍稀或濒危的原因,确定物种保护优先顺序等问题都具有现实指导意义。     

西江流域干支流水沙时空分布变化分析

采用南宁、贵港、大湟江口、梧州和高要站近60年的实测径流量和输沙量系列,从沿程变化、年际变化和年内变化三个方面分析了西江流域干支流水沙时空分布变化。结果表明:西江流域水沙主要来源于西江干流,各站年径流量、年输沙量基本随里程增加而增大;年径流量、年输沙量整体呈下降趋势,且干流浔江、西江河段下降趋势程度大于支流郁江河段,各站年径流量年代间基本呈“枯-丰-枯-丰-枯”变化,大湟江口、梧州和高要站年输沙量年代间呈“低-高-低-高-低”变化;西江流域干支流径流、输沙年内分配十分不均,大型水库建设均降低了径流、泥沙年内分配的不均匀性,使得汛期径流、泥沙占比均减低。