植物多酚氧化酶研究综述

多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol Oxidase 简称PPO)是一类广泛分布于植物体中的一种铜结合酶。它是由核基因编码、多基因控制,在细胞质中合成,通过一定的方式转运至质体内而成为具酶活性的形式,对农产品品质形成有重要影响。介绍了多酚氧化酶在植物体内的存在和定位、分子结构、生理功能及调控措施等方面近年来的研究成果。     

玉米抗南方型锈病基因共分离分子标记的研究

本文以玉米(Zea mays L.)抗南方型锈病自交系P₂₅和感病自交系F₃₄₉的F₁与F₃₄₉回交,并连续回交所得BC₅代的F₃₄₉抗病近等基因系（nearly isogenic lines,NILs）为材料,以RGA（resistance gene analogs）的方法,在抗病自交系中克隆出一条321 bp的特异性DNA条带。根据序列比对的结果,设计出新的引物作为分子标记,在96株BC₇、BC₄F₅NILs及其亲本和杂种F₁群体上进行鉴定,其中94株的田间抗感结果与分子检测结果一致,选择的有效率达97.9%。此标记扩增效果清晰,可重复性强,在抗玉米南方型锈病的分子标记辅助育种研究中有应用价值。     

东北地区水稻产量和品质演进特征研究

以东北地区近40年生产上应用的18个代表性品种为材料,依据育成年代分为2000年以来、上世纪90年代、80年代和70年代(本文所指70、80、90年代均为20世纪),研究产量及其构成因素、穗部性状和品质的变化特性.结果表明,随着品种改良,产量均呈增加趋势,平均每个年代增长0.841 t/hm2,平均增长率为11.6％,主要是由于总颖花量的增加,其关键在于每穗粒数的增加.随年代演进,结实率逐步提高,近3个年代千粒重差异不显著,但极显著低于70年代.由70年代至90年代,出糙率、精米率和整精米率分别提高1.5％、7.1％、25.9％,而近年来育成的品种出糙率显著下降,精米率和整精米率无显著变化.粒长和长宽比随年代演进呈增加趋势,白度、垩白度、蛋白质含量下降,直链淀粉含量略有增加,食味品质明显改善.     

水稻种质资源的分子鉴定和育种利用

水稻种质资源包括栽培稻、野生稻及育种材料等各种类型,是水稻新品种选育、生物技术研究以及农业生产的物质基础。中国具有丰富的水稻种质资源,但其利用率却不高,原因之一就在于传统方法不能够对其进行准确的研究评价。理想的分子标记具有稳定性高、重复性好、检测简单快速和共显性遗传等优点。本文综述了分子标记技术在水稻种质资源遗传多样性分析、重要功能基因的挖掘、品种DNA指纹库的构建及分子育种材料遗传基础的拓展等方面的作用,旨在为更充分的将分子标记技术应用于水稻种质资源的鉴定和分子育种提供参考。     

利用分子标记辅助选育白菜薹复等位基因型雄性不育系

为解决白菜薹杂种优势利用中的杂交制种手段问题,以大白菜复等位基因型雄性不育系为不育源,设计定向转育方案,采用连续回交的方法转育不育性和农艺性状,同时利用分子标记辅助选择目标基因型植株,向白菜薹自交系中转育不育基因,创制白菜薹雄性不育系。通过26对SSR引物的筛选鉴定,获得与显性雄性不育基因Ms紧密连锁、且同样可以标记同一位点恢复基因Msf和可育基因ms的分子标记GSSR1。经过3个世代的回交转育,创制出了具有100%不育度和100%不育株率的白菜薹复等位基因型雄性不育系BGMS-3。以BGMS-3为母本,与6个白菜薹自交系杂交,筛选出1个强优势组合C3。     

Recent advances in molecular genetics of forest trees

The use of molecular markers has greatly enhanced our understanding of the genome structure of forest trees. Conifers, in particular, have a relatively large genome, containing a very high proportion of repeated DNA, consisting of tandemly repetitive and dispersed repetitive DNA sequences. The nature of highly conserved tandemly repetitive rRNA genes has been investigated in a number of tree species, and their sites mapped on specific chromosomes by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Different families of retrotransposons (IFG, and TPE1) have been isolated and characterized from the dispersed repetitive DNA of pines. Genome maps have been constructed in a number of forest tree genera: Pinus, Picea, Pseudotsuga, Cryptomeria, Taxus, Populus, and Eucalyptus. EST databases have been established from cDNA clones of pines and poplars. The structure and maternal or paternal modes of inheritance of organelle genomes have been investigated in forest trees. Comparative mapping in conifers has shown that gene families are conserved across genera. Due to lack of polyploidy in conifers, the evolution of this group of trees may have occurred primarily by duplication and dispersal of genes, probably by retrotranspositions, to form complex gene families. The evolution of angiosperm tree species has presumably involved both gene duplication as well as genome duplication (polyploidy). Application of genetic engineering has shown that genes from phylogenetically unrelated organisms can be introduced and expressed in trees, thus offering prospects of genetic improvement of forest trees. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

一种基于微分进化的采摘机器人运动反解方法

针对传统的采摘机器人运动反解求法的求解过程过于繁琐及自适应性等不足,提出了一种基于微分进化的采摘机器人运动反解求取方法。该方法首先利用采摘机器人运动正解方程构造出求解采摘机器人运动反解的目标函数,然后运用微分进化算法的泛化性和自适应性对该目标函数进行优化处理,从而求解出采摘机器人运动反解。同时,为了分析该方法的性能,还分别对传统的采摘机器人运动反解和基于微分进化的采摘机器人运动反解进行了对比试验,从而验证了该方法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

Isozyme studies of genetic diversity and evolution in Hippophae

Summary To provide information on the genetic variation, differentiation and evolution in Hippophae seed samples of 25 populations from China, Finland and Russia were electrophoretically analyzed. Of six loci investigated, four were good genetic markers for identifying species and subspecies. The percentages of polymorphic loci per population were 40.3% and 62.5% at 0.95 and 0.99 polymorphic criteria respectively. The mean number of alleles per locus per population was 2.1. Total genetic diversity in the material was 0.4614. Genetic diversity partitioning showed that there was a large amount of diversity residing within geographical populations (0.1354), between subspecies within species (0.1046) and between species (0.2566) but not between geographical populations (0.0114). There were nearly twice as many negative fixation indices as positive ones in Hippophae populations. The phylogenetic tree agreed very well with botanic classifications of the species and subspecies and their geographical distributions, and quantitatively presented the genetic relationships of 25 populations. A detailed view of the evolutionary stages in Hippophae showed clearly a general decline of similarity as evolutionary divergence continued, which further explained the evolution process in Hippophae.     

新构造运动对黄土高原环境变迁的影响

新构造运动是黄土高原区域环境变迁的主导性因素。25Ma以来青藏高原的阶段性强烈隆升,导致了东亚季风气候的形成和加强,黄土高原乃至整个西北地区气候向干旱化趋势演化。黄土高原及其周边地区的阶段性隆升或沉降与气候演化的共同作用,导致了黄土堆积沉积的跳跃式阶段性扩展。黄土高原的地貌演化可以黄河水系的诞生为界限(1.67～1.43MaB.P.)划分为二个阶段:古湖泊低地阶段和高原河流阶段。     

土壤水溶性有机物的紫外光谱特征及地域分异

测定了中国中东部地区 1 7种土类 45个样点近表层 1 0cm土样中水溶性有机物的紫外光谱和分子量分布特征 ,同时测定部分样品富里酸的相应特征。在此基础上比较和分析水溶性有机物与富里酸紫外光谱特征的差异、紫外光谱特征与样品平均分子量分布的关系及其地域分异规律。结果表明土壤水溶性有机物和富啡酸具有相似的紫外光谱特征 ;WSOC样品紫外 /可见光比值与其平均分子量负相关 ,而WSOC单位浓度的紫外吸收值则与平均分子量正相关。研究区水溶性有机物的单位浓度紫外吸收值具有明显的自北向南和自东向西递降的趋势 ,从根本上受制于水热条件的WSOC分子量分布可能是影响样品紫外特征地域分异的主要因素。