奶牛初乳冷冻干燥特性与节能工艺优化研究

对奶牛初乳进行了冷冻干燥试验，通过采用二次正交旋转组合试验设计方案，分别建立了单位水分能耗和单位面积生产率与冻干室压力、初乳装填厚度、初乳浓度的数学模型。通过降维分析，给出压力、厚度、浓度对试验指标的影响趋势。在较高生产率约束条件下，用复形调优法找出低能耗下较优的工艺参数，即冻干室压力５４．５４Ｐａ，初乳装填厚度１０．０２ｍｍ，初乳浓度３６．７３％     

有机肥深施机肥块破碎刀设计与试验

结块的有机肥肥效难以释放,而且不利于机械化作业。为了更好地破碎肥块,该文针对有机肥深施机锯齿形碎肥刀片进行了仿真分析与优化。在EDEM中选择Hertz-Mindlin with bonding粘结模型建立肥块模型,基于单轴压缩试验对肥块的粘结参数进行标定,并建立了单个刀片单次碎肥的仿真模型。通过单因素仿真试验分析了碎肥刀的转速、滑切角、刃口角、齿宽和齿高等参数对刀片所受最大阻力及肥块破碎率的影响;以刀片所受最大阻力与肥块破碎率的比值作为评价指标,进行均匀设计仿真试验,得到评价指标与碎肥刀参数的回归方程,并利用Matlab优化工具箱得到最优的碎肥刀和作业结构参数,即碎肥刀转速300 r/min,滑切角8°,刃口角50°,齿宽3.9 mm,齿高2 mm。以碎肥刀最优参数进行不同粒径肥块的破碎试验,试验结果表明,优化后碎肥刀具有较低的能耗和较高的碎肥质量,在2.4kg/min的作业效率下,平均能耗最大476.90 W,破碎后肥块粒径均小于20 mm,所设计的碎肥刀可用于有机肥的碎肥作业。     

大安古河道盐碱土类型与开发利用模式研究

针对大安古河道盐碱土具有盐碱化黑钙土、盐碱化草甸土、盐碱化沼泽土、盐土和碱土类型的特点,实施盐碱化黑钙土改土培肥、盐碱化沼泽土和轻度盐碱化草甸土种稻、盐碱化沼泽土和湖泡育苇-养鱼、盐碱化草甸土围栏封育恢复草原、盐土和碱土种植碱蓬及碱茅等多种开发利用模式,可遏制其盐碱化的发展,改善生态环境,实现经济、生态和社会效益的协调发展。     

土壤剖面中~(210)Pb_(ex)的分布特征及其在土壤侵蚀示踪中的应用

210Pb由于在环境中特殊的分配关系及其在土壤中迁移性小、极易被土壤细颗粒吸附等特性而被视为良好的示踪剂,210Pb的沉降具有连续性和相对稳定性,可示踪百年尺度的平均土壤侵蚀速率。具有初始分布及其在未扰动土壤剖面中均呈现出土表含量最高,随深度增加含量减少的分布特征。在耕作土壤中由于耕作混合作用210Pbex呈均匀分布。评述了目前用到的210Pbex侵蚀模型重量逼近模型和质量平衡模型,210Pbex与其它核素(137Cs、7Be)复合示踪研究土壤侵蚀和泥沙来源是核素示踪的一大亮点。提出了210Pbex示踪土壤的优点和应用210Pbex示踪应注意的问题。     

2BF-1400型水稻覆膜播种机覆土机构参数优化与试验

为提高水稻覆膜旱直播技术的关键环节膜上覆土质量,试验研究了水稻覆膜播种机的覆土机构性能参数对覆土质量的影响。以播种机前进速度、覆土圆盘直径和覆土圆盘偏角为影响因素,采用Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计方法,建立了水稻覆膜播种机覆土合格率的数学模型,分析了各机构参数对覆土质量的影响规律。结果表明:在试验参数范围内,各因素对覆土合格率影响程度由高到低依次为前进速度、覆土机构圆盘偏角、覆土机构圆盘直径。当水稻覆膜播种机前进速度为5.3 km/h、覆土圆盘直径为336 mm、覆土圆盘偏角为34°的参数条件下,平均覆土厚度22.44 mm,覆土率100%,平均覆土合格率达到97%,平均出苗合格率达到87%。研究结果为水稻旱直播覆膜播种机的应用和推广提供了技术依据。     

考虑收缩的爆炒热/质传递过程模拟与验证

为研究爆炒中食品多孔介质热/质传递机制及烹饪成熟和品质变化规律，考虑收缩-水分损失关系，基于多孔介质理论，结合傅里叶定律、牛顿冷却定律和达西定律，构建了爆炒中有蒸发、考虑收缩的食品含湿非饱和多孔介质热/质传递数学模型，开展了爆炒数值模拟。考虑收缩后模拟值与实测温度历史（Least Summation of the squared Temperature Difference for overall target，LSTD=4.40 ℃）、平均含水率（LSTD=1.42%）和体积收缩率（LSTD=1.05%）吻合更为良好。模拟分析了爆炒热/质传递对颗粒表面蒸发、收缩、内部压力、水分和温度分布的影响机理及火候控制手段的作用，结果表明：爆炒强对流传热使颗粒蒸发剧烈造成水分损失；收缩主要由水分损失引起，可以增大传热效率并影响颗粒内部压力变化，由成熟值理论研判，蒸发收缩对烹饪成熟起到促进作用，并有利于提高烹饪品质，是爆炒技术优势的一部分；火候控制手段通过改变颗粒特征尺寸、能量传递速率和流体-颗粒的换热时间/接触面积对颗粒成熟时间和含水率等烹饪品质产生极显著（P<0.01）影响。     

旋转失速条件下离心泵隔舌区动静干涉效应

为研究旋转失速条件下离心泵隔舌区动静干涉效应和流动特性,采用大涡模拟方法对一离心泵进行了数值模拟,得到了水泵内部流场和隔舌区压力脉动特性。对不同旋转时刻的内部流动进行分析,发现当流量小于0.75倍额定流量时,叶轮中发生了旋转失速,并且由于隔舌附近逆压梯度较大,当叶轮流道通过隔舌处时会发生"固定失速"的流动现象。对旋转失速条件下蜗壳上的压力脉动进行分析,发现蜗壳隔舌处的压力脉动幅值最高,沿着流动方向依次减小。当旋转失速发生以后,蜗壳上的压力脉动幅值约为非失速工况下的2~3倍,并随着流量减小,压力脉动主频幅值增大。在旋转失速初始阶段,隔舌区"固定失速"对压力脉动的影响较弱,旋转失速的影响占主导,蜗壳上的压力脉动主频为0.5倍叶频;而当流量进一步减小至0.25倍额定流量时,隔舌区的"固定失速"对压力脉动的影响作用增强,削弱了旋转失速的作用,蜗壳上靠近隔舌区的压力脉动主频为叶频,而远离隔舌区的位置受"固定失速"影响较小,旋转失速的影响占主导,主频仍是0.5倍叶频。该研究结果可为离心泵机组运行稳定性提供参考。     

Carbon mineralization kinetics as influenced by soil properties

In a short-term laboratory study C mineralization potentials were determined on soil samples obtained from some representative agricultural soils in Tuscany, Italy. All the kinetic models tested to describe the mineralization process provided a good fit to the experimental data. A modified first-order model best described C mineralization in the soil. Both potentially mineralizable C and the mineralization rate (k) varied considerably among soils, reflecting the differences in soil properties. Potentially mineralizable C was positively related to C evolved as CO₂ and to the exchange capacity. Normalized values (potentially mineralizable C divided by organic C), representing on average about 2% of the total soil C, was positively correlated to soil pH and negatively to the soil C pool, the soil N pool, and total microbial activity. Values for k ranged between 0.050 and 0.104 day^-1, being higher in fine-textured soils and in soils with a large free Fe content. A low C:N ratio was indicative of a high k value. Turnover times for mineralized C were relatively rapid, ranging from 10 to 20 days.     

Effect of timing of application of municipal solid waste compost on N availability for crops in central Spain

To calculate the correct nitrogen fertilizer rate for crops and the possibility of using municipal solid waste (MSW) compost as an organic amendment, nitrogen mineralization rates were studied by laboratory incubation and field measurements in a soil in central Spain. Nitrogen mineralization rates were studied in a 250-day laboratory soil incubation with two treatments: with and without compost, incubated at 28°C and a moisture content of 70% of field capacity. Three phases are described: (1) no increase in the mineral nitrogen content, (2) a linear increase in the mineral N fraction and, finally, (3) a linear, parallel increase in both mineral N and easily mineralizable organic N fractions. Incubation data were fitted to three different equations. The exponential model proposed by Stanford and Smith (1972) was selected to predict field N mineralization rates. The field experiment was performed using a crop of maize with three treatments: compost applied in February (before sowing), compost applied during sowing and a control (without compost application): sampling was carried out over 14 months. Soil water content was measured periodically. Soil with compost applied in February showed 1.9 and 1.4 times more available nitrogen than soil without compost and compost at sowing, respectively, for the month of maximum accumulation. These results suggest that compost amendments must be applied before sowing. Compost applications were shown to supply the available nitrogen for spring crops. A simulation model showed satisfactory agreement with field data, after correction for soil temperature and water content. Received: 22 July 1996     

电导法配合Logistic方程鉴定西葫芦和黄瓜果实抗寒性

为了研究冷敏果实在低温逆境下的抗寒性强弱,该试验以西葫芦和黄瓜为研究对象,通过测定在不同低温下(2、8、12、20℃)贮藏2、4、6、8、10、12 d过程中电解质外渗率的变化,分析不同贮藏温度及时间、成熟期、渗透时间、计量单位对试验结果的影响,配合Logistic方程建立回归方程,确定其低温半致死温度,以此来判定不同品种冷敏果实抗寒性强弱。结果表明,当渗透时间达到90 min时,电解质外渗率达到稳定状态。贮藏温度越低,贮藏时间越长,电解质外渗率越大。同时分别确定了西葫芦(5.37~6.56℃)、津优黄瓜(6.69~7.86℃)、申青黄瓜(8.04~8.96℃)的半致死温度,电解质外渗率的变化规律符合Logistic方程,决定系数R~2在0.9549~0.9900范围内.抗寒性顺序依次为西葫芦、津优黄瓜、申青黄瓜,且与成熟期无明显相关性。研究结果为判定不同品种西葫芦和黄瓜抗寒性强弱提供重要的依据。