重庆三峡脆弱带生态农业发展模式与机制研究

针对重庆三峡库区生态脆弱性和人口、资源、环境、经济等特征,探寻在生态敏感脆弱带及经济欠发达地区的生态农业发展模式,并且剖析了如何利用各种政策,有效引导、激励、调控等经济发展行为以及技术进步机制、制度创新机制、农户参与机制等推动库区生态农业可持续发展的有效途径。通过以上分析,以期探索出具有创新性的思路和方法,找出重庆三峡库区生态农业可持续发展的新路。     

阴山北部耕作土壤表土颗粒分析模型探讨

在内蒙古自治区阴山北部农牧交错带耕地表土33组颗粒分析实验数据基础上,运用M atlab软件对VanGenuchten等模型进行模拟求参,并得到能较为精确地表征当地土壤颗分曲线的数学模型,以期为全面综合分析阴山北部农牧交错带风蚀沙化地表土壤的抗风蚀能力有所帮助。     

Validating the use of Cs measurements to estimate rates of soil redistribution by wind

Wind erosion has degraded over one-half billion hectares of land worldwide. ¹³⁷Cesium (¹³⁷Cs) has been used as a tracer to study long-term rates of soil redistribution by water and, to a lesser extent, by wind. Early studies assumed that the decline in ¹³⁷Cs activity for a potentially eroded soil relative to that for an uneroded soil was linearly proportional to soil loss. More recently, models have emerged that consider the effects of soil cultivation and the particle surface area-dependent partitioning of ¹³⁷Cs on soils. We investigated the partitioning of ¹³⁷Cs in wind-eroded sediments and with soil surface samples sieved into contiguous ranges of particle sizes. We also compared the ¹³⁷Cs activities and stratification of several adjacent soils with known wind erosion and deposition histories. Finally, we tested ¹³⁷Cs-based soil loss models with measured data from sites with documented histories. ¹³⁷Cs activities and mean particle diameters of aeolian samples agreed well with the ¹³⁷Cs activities and respective mean diameters of the sieved surface soil samples. Good agreement between model estimations and measured data indicated that ¹³⁷Cs models developed to estimate soil redistribution by water were also applicable to soil redistribution by wind provided that the models contained an appropriate particle size correction parameter.     

Simulating management effects on crop production, tile drainage, and water quality using RZWQM-DSSAT

The objective of this study was to explore if more crop-specific plant growth modules can improve simulations of crop yields, and N in tile flow under different management practices compared with a generic plant growth module. We calibrated and evaluated the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) with the Decision Support for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT v3.5) plant growth modules (RZWQM-DSSAT) for simulating tillage (NT — no till, RT — ridge till, CP — chisel plow, and MP — moldboard plow), crop rotation {CC — continuous corn, and CS — corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]}, and nitrogen (N) (SA — single application at preplant, and LSNT — late spring soil N test based application) and manure (SM — fall injected swine manure) management effects on crop production and water quality. Data from 1978 to 2003 from a water quality experiment near Nashua (Nashua experiments), Iowa, USA, were used. The model was calibrated using data from one treatment plot and validated for the rest of the plots. Simulated management effects on annual N loading in tile flow were agreeable with measured effects in 85%, 99%, 88%, and 78% of the cases for tillage, crop rotation (CS vs. CC), N application timing (SA vs. LSNT), and swine manure applications (SM vs. SA), respectively. On average, the LSNT plots were simulated to have 359 kg ha^− 1 higher corn yield compared to SA, when the observed increase was 812 kg ha^− 1. Grain yield simulations were not sensitive to differences between RT and NT, between SM and SA treatments, and between CS and CC. We conclude that considering the uncertainties of basic input data, processes in the field, and lack of site specific weather data, the results obtained with this RZWQM-DSSAT hybrid model were not much better than the results obtained earlier with the generic crop growth module.     

脆弱生态区综合治理模式研究

脆弱生态区作为人地系统的一种地域类型,是自然特质较为敏感的不稳定区域,因区域环境生态退化导致的资源性贫困,使地区社会长期陷入了PPE怪圈的桎梏当中。如何使脆弱生态区走出发展困顿,迈向人与自然和谐的可持续发展之路,是当今社会反贫困研究和生态综合治理研究的中心所在。文章通过对脆弱生态区人地关系矛盾的机理研究,在综合分析脆弱生态自然与社会经济现状基础上,应用景观生态学原理提出了生态综合治理模式;并依据产业经济学及产业生态的理论,运用结构对应分析方法,构建了生态产业化的结构框架与组织路线。在此基础上,依照市场经济规律的客观要求,探讨了脆弱生态区综合治理模式推广的技术路线及其保障体系。     

三峡库区庭院生态模式及其效益分析

三峡库区生态环境脆弱，人地矛盾突出，农业经济发展水平不高。因此，探索一种适合三峡库区农村实际，可以防止水土流失，有利于生态环境保护和人民生活水平提高的庭院生态模式尤为迫切。以农业庭院生产为例，结合库区农业、农村发展实际，在分析庭院经济发展条件和影响因子的基础上，提出了建立在不同技术基础上的庭院经济发展模式，探讨了庭院生态模式所产生的生态、经济和社会效益，并提出了行之有效的建议。     

基于全子集-分位数回归的土壤含盐量反演研究

为提高植被覆盖条件下卫星遥感对土壤含盐量的估测精度,以河套灌区解放闸灌域为研究区,以高分一号卫星影像为数据源,同步采集不同深度土壤含盐量,通过全子集筛选法(Best subset selection)分析不同波段和光谱指数对于不同深度土壤含盐量的敏感性,并采用人工神经网络(Artificial neural network,ANN)、支持向量机(Support vector machine,SVM)和分位数回归(Quantile regression,QR) 3种方法,构建全子集筛选前后0～20 cm、20～40 cm、0～40 cm、40～60 cm、0～60 cm等不同深度下的土壤含盐量反演模型。结果表明,B4、BI、SI1、SI3是0～20 cm、0～40 cm处土壤含盐量的敏感变量组合,B4、BI、NDVI为20～40 cm、40～60 cm、0～60 cm处土壤含盐量的敏感变量组合;在各深度下,分位数回归模型的精度最高,模型的决定系数R2c1、R2v1均在0. 4以上,均方根误差RMSEc1、RMSEv1均小于0. 4%,SVM次之,ANN最差;在20～40 cm深度下QR反演模型效果优于其他深度,为本文土壤含盐量估算的最优模型,其建模和验证的决定系数R2c1、R2v1分别为0. 611和0. 671,建模和验证均方根误差RMSEc1、RMSEv1分别为0. 177%和0. 160%。本研究可为卫星遥感大范围监测植被覆盖条件下土壤盐渍化程度提供参考。     

以旅大红骨群自交系为父本的玉米杂优组合F1杂种优势研究

以5个来源不同的玉米自交系组成的杂交组合为材料,对旅大红骨群自交系为父本的F1产量等性状的杂种优势进行了初步研究,结果表明:旅大红骨群与Reid,PA,PB群组合的F1的杂种优势均随性状不同而有所差异;在种质改良过程中PA×旅组合后代的杂种优势较强,从抗旱性角度来看Reid×旅组合具有显著优势;旅大红骨群自交系作为父本对后代在多个性状上的影响大于母本自交系,在利用不同性状对后代进行改良时应注重旅群与其他群不同组合模式的应用。     

Simulation study of stochastic fluctuating wind field for wind turbine blades

The differences of the wind field model between wind turbines and common architectures are investigated. It is indicated that substantial frequency contents are transferred to rotor rotation frequency and its harmonics due to the periodic motions of blade. According to standard von Karman power spectral density (PSD) model and rotationally sampled PSD model, the PSD matrix for turbulence on blades of wind turbine is setup. The longitudinal turbulence’s time serials is simulated based on the superimposition of harmonic waves.     

基于条件植被温度指数的冬小麦产量预测

条件植被温度指数(VTCI)综合了地表主要参数——植被指数(NDVI)和地表温度(LST),能够较为准确地对干旱进行监测,可为抗旱救灾、遥感作物估产等提供科学依据。在改进层次分析法的加权VTCI与冬小麦产量的相关性研究成果和VTCI的季节性ARIMA模型干旱预测研究成果基础上,对关中平原的冬小麦产量进行向前1旬、2旬和3旬的预测研究。研究结果表明,产量预测结果与产量监测结果吻合较好,预测精度随着预测步长的增大而降低,关中平原4个地级市平均产量预测结果的最大相对误差为3.27%,说明用该方法可以进行向前3旬的产量预测。