大口黑鲈鲁氏耶尔森氏菌的分离鉴定、主要毒力基因及致病性研究

为探明2021年3月福建某水库养殖大口黑鲈疾病暴发的原因,实验从患病大口黑鲈肝脏、肾脏、脾脏中分离优势菌,通过人工感染实验确定病原菌,并综合16S rDNA基因序列分析、生理生化和质谱特征等技术对该病原菌进行种属鉴定,同时,进行毒力基因检测、药物敏感性实验以及组织病理学观察。结果显示,从病鱼脾脏中分离获得1株优势菌并鉴定为鲁氏耶尔森氏菌;该菌株对大口黑鲈的半致死剂量为3.8×10⁵ CFU/尾;该菌株携带yrP1、yhl A、yhl B等毒力基因,对恩诺沙星、盐酸多西环素、氟甲喹、硫酸新霉素、氟苯尼考等5种药物相对敏感。组织病理学观察发现,鲁氏耶尔森氏菌的感染造成大口黑鲈肝脏、肾脏、脾脏不同程度的损伤,表现为明显的变性、坏死及炎症细胞的浸润等。本研究首次报道了鲁氏耶尔森氏菌对养殖大口黑鲈的致病性,可为养殖大口黑鲈鲁氏耶尔森氏菌病的诊断和药物防治提供参考依据。     

急性温度胁迫对大口黑鲈存活率及肝脏生化指标的影响

为了探究急性高温胁迫对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)“优鲈3号”存活率及肝脏生化指标的影响,将25℃(对照组)下暂养的大口黑鲈“优鲈3号”直接放入31、34、37℃水环境中,测定不同温度应激后鱼体的存活率及肝脏生化指标。结果表明:37℃组成活率低于31℃、34℃组,仅为50%。31℃和34℃组T-SOD、GSH-PX、CAT、LZM、AKP和ACP活力在48 h显著高于对照组。37℃组则与对照组无显著差异,且ACP活力在48 h显著低于对照组。结果表明,在培育大口黑鲈“优鲈3号”鱼苗时温度应该保持在34℃以下。     

Digestibility of nutrients and amino acids of different protein sources in practical diets by largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (Lacepéde, 1802)

This study evaluated the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, protein, lipid, energy, calcium, phosphorus, and essential and non‐essential amino acid availability of animal and plant protein sources in practical diets for the carnivorous fish, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (8.0±0.5 g; 10.0±0.3 cm). Fish were conditioned to accept artificial feed and those stocked in plastic cages were fed pelleted test diets. Diets contained 30% of the ingredient tested mixed with 70% of a reference ration (RD) containing 40 g 100 g^?1 of crude protein, 19.85 kJ g^?1 crude energy, and 0.5% of chromic oxide. Cages were then transferred to cylindrical, conical‐bottomed aquaria (200 L) where the faeces were collected by sedimentation in a refrigerated container. All the tested ingredients had high ADCs for protein and lipid; ADCs of amino acids of varying protein sources showed significant differences (P<0.01). Plant protein sources did not significantly influence the ADCs of diets. The results allow the inference that the availability of amino acids in plant and animal protein sources varies considerably.     

大口黑鲈胰腺的组织学观察

采用组织切片和免疫组化技术对大口黑鲈的胰腺进行了组织学观察。经H-E染色和G-醛复红染色了的切片显示:大口黑鲈腹腔中10多个肉眼可见的黄白色颗粒物其实是被一层结缔组织和外分泌胰腺包裹着的胰岛结构,其中最大的一个即为主岛;还有许多肉眼不可见的胰岛结构被埋藏于总胆管的管壁中;肝脏中有外分泌胰腺的存在与分布。过氧化物酶标记的链霉卵白素免疫组化切片和图像分析显示:B细胞主要集中胰岛的中央区;A细胞分布于胰岛的全部。本研究的结论为:大口黑鲈的内分泌胰腺主要分布于总胆管周围,外分泌胰腺除了包裹于胰岛之外也分布于肝脏中,胰腺的分布属于弥散型。     

When and why do smallmouth bass abandon their broods? The effects of brood and parental characteristics

Abstract Variation in brood abandonment was explored by conducting partial brood removals from smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu Lacepède, nests in two north temperate lakes. In both lakes, percent of the brood removed had no effect on nest failure rates. Nest failure prior to offspring swim‐up was more common, but unrelated to brood size after removal, in the lake with higher post‐spawning mortality and lower growth and fecundity. Brood size after removal was negatively related to nest failure in the lake with high survival, growth and fecundity. Nests guarded by young males failed more frequently than those of old males, and young broods failed more frequently than old broods. Dynamic programming and logistic regression models developed to predict nest fate worked better for the lake with selective pressures that theoretically favoured abandonment (e.g. high post‐spawning mortality). Both models identified male age and brood age as important factors in predicting nest fates. Because nest success is related to the age of the parent, this could have consequences for overall nest success for populations with different demographics.     

Diel and seasonal utilization of home ranges in a small lake by smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui)

Abstract– Diel and seasonal movements of 9 smallmouth bass were monitored by ultrasonic tracking for 1–1.5 years in a small gravel pit lake in northeastern Illinois. Each fish had several home ranges over the study period. Males established home ranges around a nesting site in May and June. During the summer months, smallmouth bass had diurnal, nocturnal, diurnal and nocturnal home ranges. The fish exhibited 2 types of behavior when they were within their home ranges. They were either motionless, which generally occurred on the nocturnal home ranges, or they swam slowly about their home ranges. Rapid directional swimming movements occurred when fish were swimming across the lake or moving between home ranges. The home ranges were transitory. The average size of the reproductive (male) home range was 0.07 hectare; 0.12 hectare for nocturnal home ranges; 0.18 hectare for diurnal home range; and 0.20 for diurnal-nocturnal home range. Generally, reproductive and nocturnal home ranges were smaller; other types could be as small as these but were often larger. However, there was no significant difference in home range sizes.     

大口黑鲈对饲料中丁基羟基茴香醚的耐受性评价

本试验旨在通过生长性能、血浆生化指标、组织抗氧化指标及肝脏、肠道组织学变化,评价大口黑鲈对饲料中丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)的耐受性。以初始体重为(6.20±0.01)g的大口黑鲈为靶动物,在基础饲料中依次添加0(D0组,作为对照组)、150(D150组)、300(D300组)和1 500 mg/kg(D1500组)的BHA,其中300和1 500 mg/kg分别是最高推荐剂量(150 mg/kg)的2和10倍,进行为期10周的饲喂试验。每组6个重复,每个重复30尾鱼。结果表明:4组中以D150组的生长性能最好,其余各组的终末均重、特定生长率、增重率和摄食量无显著差异(P0.05)。各组肥满度、脏体比和肝体比无显著差异(P0.05)。对照组血浆中总胆固醇、甘油三酯含量及碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于其余各组(P0.05)。D150和D300组血浆中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇/总胆固醇显著高于对照和D1500组(P0.05)。D1500组血浆中谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性显著低于对照组(P0.05),与D150、D300组无显著差异(P0.05)。D150和D300组肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶活性显著低于对照组(P0.05),与D1500组无显著差异(P0.05)。饲料中添加1 500 mg/kg BHA可以显著提高肝脏中总抗氧化能力(P0.05);饲料中添加150、300、1 500 mg/kg BHA均显著降低了血浆、心脏和肝脏中丙二醛的含量(P0.05)。对照、D150和D1500组大口黑鲈的肝脏、肠道都有不同程度的损伤,但D150和D1500组的损伤相对较少。上述结果表明,饲料中添加150 mg/kg BHA对大口黑鲈具有一定的脂肪代谢促进作用和抗氧化保护功能,且对大口黑鲈是安全的,安全系数为10倍。     

大口黑鲈生长性状的遗传参数和育种值估计

采用最佳线性无偏差预测法(BLUP法)对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)体质量、体长和体高的遗传参数和育种值进行估计.4月龄和6月龄的体质量遗传力分别为0.29±0.08和0.28±0.10、体长遗传力分别为0.31±0.08和0.26±0.10,6月龄的体高遗传力为0.29±0.10.这些性状的传力都属于中度遗传力(P＜0.01),表明在加性效应控制下,大口黑鲈生长性状具有较大的遗传改良潜力.6月龄的体质量与体长、体质量与体高及体长与体高的遗传相关分别为0.790±0.094、0.820±0.081和0.990±0.001,这些性状之间均表现为高的正遗传相关性(P＜0.01),说明在对体质量进行选择的同时,其他生长性状也可以获得相应的间接选择反应.从不同评定方法的秩相关来看,6月龄时综合育种值与体质量育种值、体长育种值以及体质量育种值与体长育种值的秩相关系数均达到了极显著(P＜0.01),分别为0.998、0.914和0.890,用综合育种值对大口黑鲈的评定名次排序与用单性状育种值排序的差异不大.本研究对大口黑鲈生长性状的遗传参数和育种值进行确定与分析,旨在为该物种的人工选育提供理论依据和技术参考.     

MC与MG对尼罗罗非鱼和大口黑鲈游泳行为的影响

尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapia nilotica)和大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoide)是中国主要的淡水经济鱼类,其养殖过程中常遇到微囊藻毒素(Microcystin,MC)与孔雀石绿(Malachite green,MG)的危害。MC和MG通过食物链在人体中富集,给人类的健康造成了严重的威胁。研究测定了人工饲养的尼罗罗非鱼和大口黑鲈在含有MC和MG的水体中的行为反应。结果表明,尼罗罗非鱼和大口黑鲈在0.2和0.5μg/L MC-LR的水体中处理60min内,其游泳行为相对于对照组无显著性差异,然而,在0.5mg/L MG的水体中处理30min后,尼罗罗非鱼胸鳍摆动频显著上升,大口黑鲈胸鳍摆动频率也在25、30、45min等3个不连续的时间点出现显著的变化。说明尼罗罗非鱼和大口黑鲈对天然毒素MC具有较强的抵抗能力,而对人工毒素MG较为敏感;胸鳍摆动频率可作为尼罗罗非鱼和大口黑鲈一个较为敏感的反映环境变化的行为指标。     

大口黑鲈饲料中适宜的淀粉源及添加水平

以4种淀粉,蜡质玉米淀粉(L)、高直链玉米淀粉(Z)、小麦淀粉(X)和木薯淀粉(M),分别以5%和10%的添加量配制了8种等氮和等能(CP 48%,GE 18.5 MJ/kg)的饲料(L5、L10、Z5、Z10、X5、X10、M5和M10)。用上述饲料饲养初始体重为(23.46±0.19)g的大口黑鲈45 d,以评定大口黑鲈饲料的适宜淀粉源及添加水平。结果显示,饲料中淀粉的添加水平和淀粉源对大口黑鲈的生长、饲料利用、体组成和非特异性免疫指标均有显著影响。随着同一种淀粉的添加量从5%升至10%,L10、X10和M10组实验鱼的特定生长率和摄食率显著降低,但饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著升高,而Z5和Z10组间的上述指标的差异不显著;L10、X10和M10组的肝体比、脏体比和肝糖原含量均显著升高,但Z5和Z10组间的脏体比差异不显著;全鱼和肝的脂肪含量及肝的蛋白质含量均显著降低;L10组的红细胞数和红细胞压积、Z10组的血清甘油三酯及X10组的红细胞压积和血清甘油三酯水平显著降低;Z10组的血清补体活性显著降低;L5、Z5、X5和M5组的餐后3~12 h的血糖水平各自低于L10、Z10、X10和M10组。不同的淀粉源在相同的添加量的情况下,Z5组的淀粉表观消化率和肝体比显著地低于L5、X5和M5组,而脂肪沉积率显著高于L5、X5和M5组;M5组的蛋白质表观消化率显著低于L5、Z5和X5组;Z10组的淀粉表观消化率、肝体比、脏体比和肝糖原含量显著低于L10、X10和M10组,而脂肪沉积率显著高于L10、X10和M10组;M10组的蛋白质表观消化率显著低于L10、Z10和X10组。饲料中淀粉的添加水平和淀粉源对大口黑鲈的摄食率、特定生长率、蛋白质消化率、脂肪沉积率、肝体比、肝糖原含量、红细胞数、血清甘油三酯含量和血清补体活性均有显著的交互作用。本研究表明,饲料的淀粉源和水平对大口黑鲈的生长、体组成、血液学指标、餐后血糖和非特异性免疫指标均有不同程度的影响,饲料中添加5%的蜡质玉米淀粉、高直链玉米淀粉、小麦淀粉和木薯淀粉均无妨碍,但添加10%的淀粉水平唯有高直链玉米淀粉较为合适。