响应面分析法优化花生壳黄酮类化合物提取工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

[目的]探讨采用超声-微波辅助技术提取花生壳黄酮类化合物的最佳工艺条件及其抗氧化活性。[方法]以乙醇作为提取溶剂,用超声-微波辅助法提取花生壳黄酮类化合物,考察乙醇体积分数、提取时间和料液比对花生壳黄酮类化合物提取率的影响,通过响应面分析法优化超声-微波辅助提取花生壳黄酮类化合物的工艺参数,并研究花生壳黄酮类化合物对猪油的抗氧化性。[结果]采用超声-微波辅助技术提取花生壳黄酮类化合物的最佳工艺条件为：乙醇体积分数60%,提取时间120 s,料液比1∶20,在最优工艺参数条件下花生壳黄酮得率为6.11%;花生壳黄酮类化合物对猪油的自氧化有明显的抑制作用,且随着加入量的增多,抗氧化能力增强。[结论]超声-微波辅助提取法是一种较好的花生壳黄酮类化合物提取方法,花生壳黄酮类化合物对猪油有较强的抗氧化能力。     

绿色木霉降解木薯秆产糖及其工艺优化研究

[目的]对绿色木霉降解木薯秆产糖的工艺条件进行研究。[方法]先用绿色木霉初步降解经预处理的木薯秆,再用纤维素酶水解木薯秆,接着采用响应曲面（RSM）结合单因素试验法优化绿色木霉糖化木薯秆的摇瓶发酵条件。[结果]绿色木霉糖化木薯秆最佳工艺为：接种量11 ml孢子悬浮液,装液量100 ml,初始pH 4.6,发酵时间84 h,发酵温度30℃,摇床转速150 r/min,摇瓶瓶口包裹12层纱布。在此条件下,得到最佳产糖量3.06 mg/g木薯秆,比优化前提高了76%。[结论]虽然目前绿色木霉发酵产糖量与纤维素酶水解相比仍有一定差距,但微生物发酵糖化法成本更低廉,操作更简便,具有工业化生产的应用潜力。     

响应面法优化热带假丝酵母ypy06植酸酶发酵条件的研究

从海南洋浦近海分离到1株产植酸酶的酵母菌株,经鉴定为热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis),利用Plackett-Burman设计对其发酵条件进行了筛选。结果表明,豌豆粉浓度、硫酸铵浓度和初始pH对酶产量具有显著的影响;利用响应面法对3个因子进行了优化,获得了最佳发酵条件：豌豆粉1.0%,葡萄糖2.0%,硫酸铵1.7%,氯化钠1.0%,初始pH 5.2,培养72 h,植酸酶产量达到727.5 U/mL。     

How to Report Exotic Animal Research

Abstracts should be clear, transparent, and sufficiently detailed to convey the main elements of the study, including the question, primary outcome measure, study design, and main conclusions.⁶ Abstracts may influence whether busy clinicians will read the full article, and, if a study is not open access, practitioners may need to make clinical decisions from abstracts only. Consider also that, with new technologies and means of accessing information, the abstract content alone may serve as the

Methods

The Methods section provides a detailed report of the what and the how of the described research process. However, in order to maximize reader comprehension and to permit repeatability of research, several methodological aspects need to be transparently reported (Table 2). Again, by clearly defining the type of study design, investigators can then refer to the appropriate reporting guideline and supporting materials for guidance. Even where aspects of trial design may have been suboptimal, use

Blinding

In research, there is often the need to blind (ie, to make people unaware) investigators (personnel and outcome assessors) and/or participants for several reasons (Table 4). When reporting any type of study, it should be made clear to readers which individuals were blinded, and to what. The use of terminology such as single, double, and triple blinding should be avoided because such terms can be variably interpreted and fail to explicitly explain blinding procedures.²⁹ The following categories

Participant Flow

It is highly recommended in all study designs to depict the flow of participants with a flow diagram (Fig. 1).6, 8 Information required to complete a flow diagram for a RCT, for example, includes the number of participants evaluated for potential enrollment into the trial and the number excluded at this stage because they either did not meet the inclusion criteria or declined to participate. For each intervention group it also requires the numbers of participants which were randomly assigned,

Discussion

The discussion reports the results of the study in the context of existing evidence.6, 8, 9 The investigators should cautiously interpret the results considering the objectives, limitations, multiplicity of analyses, results from similar studies, and other relevant evidence. In brief, the investigators should (1) summarize the results considering the study objectives; (2) discuss the limitations of the study, addressing sources of potential bias (both direction and magnitude), imprecision, and

Summary

This article discusses aspects of research reporting. Other than purely literary reporting, there is a multitude of other types of reporting deficiencies that increase research waste (Box 1). Awareness of such problems is the first step toward improvement.

     

响应面法优化纤维素酶辅助提取淫羊藿多糖工艺

利用纤维素酶辅助热水浸提法从淫羊藿中提取淫羊藿多糖,在单因素试验结果的基础上,选择酶浓度、酶提温度、酶提时间为自变量,采用三因素三水平的Box-Behnken响应面设计,优化淫羊藿多糖的提取工艺。试验结果表明,淫羊藿多糖酶辅助提取的最佳工艺参数：酶浓度110U/uL,酶提温度60℃,酶提时间100min,且酶提温度对多糖提取率的影响最大。在最佳优化条件下淫羊藿多糖提取率为10.06%,接近模型的最大预测值（10.199%）。试验为淫羊藿多糖的临床开发应用提供了依据。     

响应面法优化泥蚶多糖的提取工艺

[目的]利用响应面分析法优化泥蚶多糖的提取工艺。[方法]根据中心组合(Box-Benhnken)试验设计原理,以提取温度、提取时间、乙醇浓度3个因素为自变量,多糖得率为响应值,设计了3因素3水平响应面分析试验,以优化泥蚶多糖提取的工艺条件。[结果]乙醇浓度是对响应值影响最大的因素,泥蚶多糖提取的最佳工艺条件为提取温度69.6℃,提取时间6.2 h,乙醇浓度78%,在此条件下,泥蚶多糖的提取率为1.635%。[结论]研究优化了泥蚶多糖的提取工艺,为大规模制备泥蚶多糖提供参考。     

响应面法优化粪肠球菌摇瓶发酵培养基

[目的]对粪肠球菌摇瓶发酵培养基进行优化,为高效、优质的微生态制剂产品研制奠定基础.[方法]首先通过二水平设计的Plackett-Burman试验分析发酵培养基中对粪肠球菌发酵影响最重要的主要因素;再运用最陡爬坡法对主要因素进行试验,获得主要因素的最适范围.最后通过响应面分析得到主要因素的最优水平.[结果]获得最优的发酵培养基配方为:蔗糖22.5;,酵母粉12;,蛋白胨10.5;,磷酸二氢钾0.2;,硫酸镁0.02;,硫酸锰0.004;,碳酸钙1;.[结论]在最优发酵培养基培养下,粪肠球菌的活菌数从初始的5.8×108CFU/mL提高到6.7×109CFU/mL.     

响应面分析法优化白腐菌Y10产漆酶培养基研究

利用Design Expert软件、采用Plackett-Burman(PB)实验设计和响应面分析法,对白腐菌Y10产漆酶的培养基进行了优化研究,结果表明:大量元素、氨三乙酸(NTA)和藜芦醇(VA)是影响漆酶酶活的3个主要因素;在此基础上,用最陡爬坡路径逼近最大响应区域,并利用Box-Behnken实验设计及响应面分析法确定了主要影响因素的最佳条件,即白腐菌Y10产漆酶最佳培养基组分为葡萄糖10.00 g,L、酒石酸铵0.50 g/L、大量元素296.50 ml/L、微量元素100.00 ml/L、NTA1.40g/L、VA 5.00 mm01/L、吐温-80加入量为0.10%,在该优化培养基中漆酶酶活达5 282.56 U/L,约为优化前的23倍,其实验值与理论值基本相符.     

土壤多样性的概念、方法与研究进展

上世纪90年代开始的土壤多样性研究引起多方的兴趣,先后已经有西班牙、中国、美国等国家展开有关内容的研究。文章介绍了土壤多样性的基本概念、计量方法与数学模型及其在国内外的研究现状与最新发展,并对西班牙在爱琴海、美国全国范围以及中国海南岛和山东省的有关研究进展进行了初步评述。国内外研究表明,尽管作为新生事物有其不够完善的地方,土壤多样性研究可为土地利用及规划管理、环境保护、生物保护和自然保护区的设计、自然生态景观的维护和修复等方面提供服务,土壤多样性理论方法在土壤学及其他相关科学中仍具有良好的应用前景。     

Demystifying farmers' entomological and pest management knowledge: A methodology for assessing the impacts on knowledge from IPM-FFS and NES interventions

Enhancing the environmental soundness of agricultural practices, particularly in high input systems, is of increasing concern to those involved in agricultural research and development. The Integrated Pest Management Farmer Field School, which is based on farmer participatory environmental education, is compared to the No Early Spray intervention, which is a simple rule approach. A research methodology was developed and tested in the Philippines to document farmers' pre- and post-intervention knowledge of rice field insects, insect/plant interactions, and pesticides. The results indicate that increased knowledge from education is linked to better pest management behavior. It is proposed that the methodology may also be useful for documenting other areas of knowledge, in the design of educational interventions for farmers and in assessing their impact. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.