Cattle, ethanol, and biogas: Does closing the loop make economic sense?

The recent surge in US ethanol production has led to an increase in the amount of byproduct feed available to cattle producers. The impetus behind the increase in ethanol production is US policy to increase the production and use of renewable fuels. Manure from cattle production can also be used to produce a renewable fuel: methane. By co-locating a cattle feedlot with an existing ethanol plant, there may be synergies between ethanol, methane and cattle production. Byproduct from the ethanol plant can be fed to feeder cattle, manure from the cattle used in methane production, and the methane used as an energy source in the ethanol plant. Alternatively, methane can be used to generate electricity. We investigate the economic advisability of these systems. Using cost estimates for construction and operating a feedlot and anaerobic digester for methane production, we project revenues and costs over a 20-year time period. Our findings are consistent with studies that have considered just cattle production and methane production. The investment required to build a slatted-floor feedlot and concrete anaerobic digester cannot be justified under existing economic conditions. An increase in renewable fuel/electricity subsidies of at least $0.053 per kW h or $72 per 1000 m³ of methane are required to just break even when methane is used to produce electricity or is burned for thermal energy, respectively.     

醇类燃料发动机排气管保温降低醇醛排放研究

通过对发动机排气管隔热保温,在JL368Q3型电喷汽油机上开展了醇类燃料发动机排气管保温降低醇醛排放的研究,采用气相色谱-氦离子化检测器(PDHID)快速检测方法检测发动机的醇醛排放。结果表明:与排气管保温前相比,排气管保温后醇排放降低,低负荷工况下(Tc850 K)醛排放变化不大,中高负荷工况下(Tc≥850 K)醛排放降低,醇醛排放降幅随排气温度升高而变大。排气管保温延长了排气在高温下的反应时间,有利于未燃醇、醛的快速氧化,转速为4 000 r/min、负荷高于21 N·m时(Tc≥900 K),排气管保温后未燃醇、醛排放降低70%以上。排气温度和高温下的氧化反应时间对醇醛的氧化影响较大。     

水泵噪声治理工艺研究

对水泵噪声源进行了分析,并举例探讨了水泵噪声治理工艺。     

木质林产品跨境交易下碳储量核算方法比较分析

国际贸易行为使得储存于采伐后木质林产品中的碳汇在各国间发生流动, 又由于对采伐后木质林产品的使用方式和最终用途的差异, 使得产品中碳汇的存续时间出现巨大的差异。如何对国际木质林产品跨境交易下的各国碳储量变化进行全面量化, 合理判断各国基于木质林产品消费方式的差异而对环境所造成的直接或间接影响, 从而明晰全球温室气体减排下各国的责任划分, 具有非常重要的意义。文中根据政府间气候变化专业委员会(IPCC)所提供的4种采伐后木质林产品碳储量核算方法, 分析各国对不同核算方法的立场及其背后的深层原因, 指出我国应该积极开展木质林产品跨境交易下碳储量核算方法的前沿跟踪研究, 以便未来在木质林产品碳汇计量谈判中掌握主动权从而有效维护国家利益。     

东北三大硬阔燃烧过程烟气释放特征

以东北"三大硬阔"为研究对象,采用外业调查和室内控制环境燃烧实验相结合的方法,分别对3种树木的枝、皮和干部进行气体排放量的测定,并对比分析不同树种及部位气体排放量的差异,通过计算分别得出CO2、CO、CxHy、NO和SO2气体的排放因子。研究结果显示:3种乔木各部位(枝、皮和干)之间CO2排放量、CO排放量、CxHy排放量、NO排放量、SO2排放量和含碳气体(CO2、CO和CxHy)总量以及5种气体(CO2、CO、CxHy、NO和SO2)总量平均值都存在差异,但差异显著性不相同;3种乔木燃烧皮部与干部的CO排放量、CxHy排放量、NO排放量以及SO2排放量平均值存在显著的差异(P<0.05),而CO2排放量、含碳气体(CO2、CO和CxHy)总量以及5种气体(CO2、CO、CxHy、NO和SO2)总量平均值差异不显著;而枝部CO排放量与NO排放量3种乔木之间差异不明显;胡桃楸、水曲柳和黄菠萝的各部位的CO2平均排放因子分别为2.960 8、3.068 2和2.649 2,CO、CxHy、NO和SO2的排放因子都比CO2要小很多。     

发展新能源汽车及其强化节能减排的思考

指出了大力推动新能源汽车发展将是我国汽车工业的大势所趋,分析了发展新能源汽车的原因、挑战和方向,探讨了发展新能源汽车对推进节能减排事业的意义。     

辽宁省能源消费结构和CO_2排放研究

就能源结构和各部门的能源消费进行研究,推算了辽宁省2000～2005年各种能源消费量及其引起的CO2排放量。辽宁省的主要的能源消费类型是煤炭和石油,在2005年,煤炭和石油的消费量都最多,分别为2 470.16×104t.a-1标准煤和2 932.18×104t.a-1标准煤,也是主要的CO2排放源。以煤炭为原料生产的焦炭的CO2排放量由于技术的提高而减少。从消费部门看,工业部门的能源消费量最多,从2000年的431.55×104t.a-1标准煤增加到2005年的1 096.1×104t.a-1标准煤。交通部门的消费比例从2000年的9%增加到2005年的20%,未来还有增加的趋势。不同部门排放的CO2量也不同,工业部门每年排放的CO2最多,都在2 500×104t.a-1以上,2005年达到了3 020.48×104t.a-1,农林渔牧业部门由于机械化的操作使得CO2排放量增加。     

林火碳排放研究进展

火是森林生态系统主要的干扰因子, 森林火灾的频繁发生不仅使森林生态系统遭到破坏, 同时也造成了含碳温室气体的大量释放。综述了火烧面积、森林可燃物以及燃烧效率等主要因子对森林火灾排放碳量估计的影响, 分析了这一领域未来研究发展趋势。大量研究表明:1)卫星遥感是估测大尺度上森林过火面积的主要手段, 随着高分辨率卫星的应用, 森林火灾面积的估计精度不断得到提高。目前的研究主要集中于大尺度上林火面积的估计和估算方法的改进。2)遥感数据是目前估计大尺度可燃物燃烧量的有效手段, 利用遥感数据的同时结合有效可燃物计算模型, 运用多元线性与非线性分析结合等方法提高对可燃物燃烧量的估计。3)燃烧效率是决定可燃物消耗量的主要因子, 也是估计森林火灾释放含碳气体量的关键。未来的研究是利用高分辨率的遥感数据, 结合复杂的可燃物计算模型, 更精确地估计林火碳排放。     

Biomass burning in Brazil's Amazonian “arc of deforestation”: Burning efficiency and charcoal formation in a fire after mechanized clearing at Feliz Natal, Mato Grosso

Estimates of greenhouse-gas emissions from deforestation are highly uncertain because of high variability in key parameters and because of the limited number of studies providing field measurements of these parameters. One such parameter is burning efficiency, which determines how much of the original forest's aboveground carbon stock will be released in the burn, as well as how much will later be released by decay and how much will remain as charcoal. In this paper we examined the fate of biomass from a semideciduous tropical forest in the “arc of deforestation,” where clearing activity is concentrated along the southern edge of the Amazon forest. We estimated carbon content, charcoal formation and burning efficiency by direct measurements (cutting and weighing) and by line-intersect sampling (LIS) done along the axis of each plot before and after burning of felled vegetation. The total aboveground dry biomass found here (219.3 Mg ha⁻¹) is lower than the values found in studies that have been done in other parts of the Amazon region. Values for burning efficiency (65%) and charcoal formation (6.0%, or 5.98 Mg C ha⁻¹) were much higher than those found in past studies in tropical areas. The percentage of trunk biomass lost in burning (49%) was substantially higher than has been found in previous studies. This difference may be explained by the concentration of more stems in the smaller diameter classes and the low humidity of the fuel (the dry season was unusually long in 2007, the year of the burn). This study provides the first measurements of forest burning parameters for a group of forest types that is now undergoing rapid deforestation. The burning parameters estimated here indicate substantially higher burning efficiency than has been found in other Amazonian forest types. Quantification of burning efficiency is critical to estimates of trace-gas emissions from deforestation.     

新型竹编水泥沼气池力学性能的测试与理论研究

分析了目前在滇南一带开发推广的新型竹编水泥沼气池结构特点，并从实地测试和实验室测试、理论模型的角度，讨论了此类沼气他的结构性能，特别在理论模型研究中，分别针对二维、三维几何模型进行了计算机数值仿真，得到了一些和实地测试一致的结果。实验研究及理论分析说明此类竹编水泥沼气池在力学结构上是合理的，在承受荷载上具有足够大的安全系数，同时也指出了竹编水泥沼气池在实际建造过程中，应该重视的一些技术环节，对于进一步在农村推广应用具有重要的现实意义。