The role of soil fauna in ecosystems: A historical review

The research development in this review is divided into successive periods: (1) “From Darwin to Satchell”, covering the “pre-experimental” decades dealing with the functions of earthworms, (2) “Litterbag Studies”, characterized by field experiments on the faunal influence on litter decomposition, (3) “The Time of IBP”, concentrating on community energetics, (4) “The Microcosm Era”, laboratory studies that started with simple systems, followed by increasing complexity of experimental setup and community of organisms, including living plants, and ending to laboratory-scale “ecosystems”, (5) the recent “Biodiversity Boom”, analysing the relations between soil biodiversity and ecosystem functions, and (6) the current “Holistic View” that tends to link the diversity and functions of aboveground and belowground communities. These “periods” started roughly in this order, but are largely overlapping, since the early techniques are in continuing use together with the modern ones. The current knowledge on the role of soil biota, their diversity and various components has accumulated mainly during the last 30 years, resulting in the modern view of soil fauna as a part of the ecosystem.     

李仙江鱼类的区系存在度分析

依据调查、文献记录和西南林业大学标本馆馆藏标本,确定李仙江流域共有鱼类66种,隶属于5目14科44属。剔除6种引入种后,对李仙江鱼类的目、科、属3个级别进行区系存在度分析。结果显示:属级存在度更能够反映该流域的鱼类区系组成的特点,一些世界性分布的科属在李仙江流域的存在度相对较低,而具有地方性分布的部分科属,区系存在度较高,可以反映李仙江流域鱼类的区系特征。李仙江的鱼类区系成分与元江鱼类区系相似性较高。     

广东古田省级自然保护区两栖爬行动物资源调查

为掌握广东古田省级自然保护区两栖爬行动物资源现状,促进自然保护区的有效管理和建设,本研究于2011年3～10月对广东古田省级自然保护区的两栖爬行动物资源进行了初步调查,发现两栖爬行动物共52种,隶属于3目13科.其中两栖纲1目4科14种,爬行纲2目9科38种.该保护区两栖爬行动物地理区划属于东洋界华南区闽广沿海亚区,区系组成以东洋界华中区与华南区共有种为主,达41种(占总物种数的78.85％).调查发现1种广东省两栖类动物新记录——长肢林蛙,发现外来入侵物种红耳龟、牛蛙和孟加拉巨蜥.并就保护区两栖爬行动物资源的保护与管理工作提出了建议.     

施肥对农田土壤动物群落结构的影响

为研究施肥对土壤动物群落结构的影响,以尿素为施肥材料,采用大型手捡和干、湿漏斗法,以不施肥处理为对照(CK),对施肥量分别为225 kg·hm^-2(T1)、450 kg·hm^-2(T2)、900 kg·hm^-2(T3)、1 800 kg·hm^-2(T4)、3 600 kg·hm^-2(T5)等5个施肥处理下的土壤动物群落特征进行调查。结果显示:试验捕获的土壤动物分属3门13纲19目40科,各处理的土壤动物平均密度排序为CK>T2>T1>T3>T5>T4,类群数排序为T1>CK>T2>T4>T5>T3。随着施肥量增加,大型和中小型土壤动物的平均密度总体减少。同时,各处理中,T2处理的多样性指数和优势度指数最低,而均匀度指数最高。总体来看,过量施肥会减少土壤动物数量,降低土壤动物多样性,对土壤动物群落结构产生影响。     

Leaf litter and crop residue decomposition in ginkgo agroforestry systems in eastern China: Soil fauna diversity and abundance,microbial biomass and nutrient release

The response of soil fauna to the litter decomposition process has received considerable attention,but this effect has not been fully examined in agroforestry systems.A 1-year in situ decomposition experiment was carried out in a pure ginkgo plantation and two ginkgo agroforestry systems using a litterbag method(11 different treatments were tested in three systems).We found that the application of different organic materials(crop residues)produced positive effects on the number of soil fauna in the ginkgo planting systems;the mixture of ginkgo leaves and corn leaves was the best performing treatment.Collembola and Acarina were the predominant groups in the litter bags and were mainly responsible for the differences among the treatments.Litter mixing promoted the abundance,richness,and diversity of soil fauna,and significant differences regarding the Shannon–Wiener index of the soil fauna were observed among the 11 treatments in July.Significantly higher soil MBC(microbial biomass carbon)and MBN(microbial biomass nitrogen)were observed in agroforestry systems than in pure ginkgo plantations.These results suggest that the practice of intercrop residue application plays an important role in enhancing soil ecosystem function in ginkgo agroforestry systems and may ultimately contribute to sustainable intercrop production,soil fertility,and local economic diversity.     

广西木论国家级自然保护区蝶类调查初报

对广西木论国家级自然保护区的蝶类资源进行了初步调查,通过检视标本的外部形态特征和外生殖器特征,共鉴定出5科61属77种,包括凤蝶科5属15种,粉蝶科3属3种,蛱蝶科31属35种,灰蝶科5属5种,弄蝶科17属19种,提供了部分代表种类的生态照片及保护区内的生境照片,为该喀斯特地区今后的蝴蝶区系和生物多样性保护研究奠定了基础。建议保护区尽快开展系统的蝶类多样性本底调查,明确木论喀斯特森林生态系统中的蝴蝶种类、分布、数量和发生规律,为制定相应的保护措施和进行适度的开发利用提供科学依据。     

放牧对羊草根际土壤线虫群落及区系的影响

为了探索放牧干扰对羊草（Leymus chinensis Tzvel）根际土壤小型动物-土壤线虫群落的影响规律,本试验以土壤线虫为生物指标对典型草原放牧区及围栏区羊草根际土壤线虫群落特征及区系进行了研究,结果表明：羊草根际共捕获34属线虫,放牧影响羊草根际线虫总数量及优势类群,不同土层土壤线虫总数量的分布规律为：围栏区>放牧区,放牧区优势及次优势类群中植物寄生线虫类所占比例明显高于围栏区。放牧区羊草根际土壤线虫Shannon多样性指数显著高于围栏区。放牧区瓦斯乐斯卡指数及自由生活线虫成熟度指数低于围栏区,说明放牧区土壤健康状况较差。放牧影响羊草根际土壤线虫区系的分布,放牧区0~10 cm,10~20 cm羊草根际土壤线虫区系分布在B区和D区,表明放牧区土壤线虫食物网相对于围栏区受干扰大、土壤线虫食物网不稳定,且退化。     

南京市仙林大学城冬季鸟类多样性初步调查——以文澜路3所高校为例

物种多样性已成为评估一个地区生态环境质量优劣的主要标准。2017年11月—2018年1月,采用样线法对南京森林警察学院、南京师范大学、南京财经大学3所高校的仙林校区开展了鸟类资源调查。共记录鸟类20种,其中南京森林警察学院仙林校区鸟类12种,隶属3目10科,其中留鸟11种,鸟类区系以古北界为主;南京师范大学仙林校区鸟类17种,隶属5目13科,留鸟14种,以广布种为主;南京财经大学仙林校区鸟类16种,隶属4目11科,留鸟13种,以广布种为主。3所校区鸟类组成兼具古北界和东洋界成分,以古北种占优势,广布种比例也较高。由SPSS分析结果知,南京师范大学和南京财经大学校区的鸟类物种多样性指数在乔木林、灌丛、草丛、水域和建筑区均高于南京森林警察学院校区。对比鸟类均匀性指数,南京师范大学在乔木林、水域和建筑区最高,南京森林警察学院则在灌丛和草丛环境最高。     

Mixed-species legume fallows affect faunal abundance and richness and N cycling compared to single species in maize-fallow rotations

Rotation of nitrogen-fixing woody legumes with maize has been widely promoted to reduce the loss of soil organic matter and decline in soil biological fertility in maize cropping systems in Africa. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of maize-fallow rotations with pure stands, two-species legume mixtures and mixed vegetation fallows on the richness and abundance of soil macrofauna and mineral nitrogen (N) dynamics. Pure stands of sesbania (Sesbania sesban), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), tephrosia (Tephrosia vogelii), 1:1 mixtures of sesbania + pigeon pea and sesbania + tephrosia, and a mixed vegetation fallow were compared with a continuously cropped monoculture maize receiving the recommended fertilizer rate, which was used as the control. The legume mixtures did not differ from the respective pure stands in leaf, litter and recycled biomass, soil Ca, Mg and K. Sesbania + pigeon pea mixtures consistently increased richness in soil macrofauna, and abundance of earthworms and millipedes compared with the maize monoculture (control). The nitrate-N, ammonium-N and total mineral N concentration of the till layer soil (upper 20 cm) of pure stands and mixed-species legume plots were comparable with the control plots. Sesbania + pigeon pea mixtures also gave higher maize grain yield compared with the pure stands of legume species and mixed vegetation fallows. It is concluded that maize-legume rotations increase soil macrofaunal richness and abundance compared with continuously cropped maize, and that further research is needed to better understand the interaction effect of macrofauna and mixtures of organic resources from legumes on soil microbial communities and nutrient fluxes in such agro-ecosystems.