云南甘蔗病虫害发生危害新特点及防控对策

甘蔗是我国主要的糖料作物,病虫害是甘蔗生产的最大威胁。近年来病虫害在云南的发生危害呈现出新的特点,主要表现为：一是常发性病虫害持续处于常发态势,二是次要病虫害上升为主要病虫害,三是病虫害混合发生,复合侵染,四是突发性危险性病虫害频发,暴发成灾。针对新特点从病源虫源、品种布局、气候条件和栽培管理等方面分析了其形成原因,提出了甘蔗病虫害绿色防控对策：一是严格执行甘蔗引种、调种检疫制度,选育推广抗病、抗虫健康种苗,二是完善甘蔗病虫害监测预警体系,提升安全科学用药水平,三是集成绿色防控技术模式,探索优化推广机制,四是建立健全应急防控机制,大力推进统防统治,五是创新科技培训机制,宣传普及植保新技术。     

库尔勒地区香梨茎蜂发生动态及黄板控害效果

为明确库尔勒市及其周边果园香梨茎蜂的发生规律和为害情况及黄色粘虫板的诱杀效果,于2020年香梨茎蜂成虫活动期,利用黄色粘虫板按五点取样法定期调查成虫诱捕数量,分析其当年发生动态;并于香梨茎蜂活动期之后采用五点取样法分别调查未悬挂黄板果园与悬挂黄板果园的香梨茎蜂为害率,对比分析黄色粘虫板对香梨茎蜂为害的防控效果。经调查,香梨茎蜂主要在梨树花期前后为害,在4月中旬达到发生高峰期,成虫活动时间为19天（4月6—24日）,主要通过雌成虫产卵行为为害新梢,在未挂黄板果园平均为害率为29.13%,悬挂黄板的香梨园平均为害率为13.60%,相较于未挂黄板的对照香梨园为害减少率为52.41%。香梨茎蜂成虫出枝活动期是防虫控害的关键时期,悬挂黄色粘虫板对香梨茎蜂的为害有明显的防控效果。建议当地4月在香梨园中大面积使用黄色粘虫板诱杀成虫,减少香梨茎蜂的为害。     

玉米种子的机械损伤对其发芽率的影响

玉米种子质量是决定玉米产量的重要因素.目前,由于我国没有生产专用种子玉米脱粒机,玉米种子的脱粒只能采用打击原理设计的普通脱粒机,对玉米籽粒伤害较大,从而影响了种子在田间的出苗率以及植株整个生长发育过程.为此,针对不同部位有机械损伤的玉米种子对其发芽率的影响进行了分析,进而为新型低损伤玉米种子脱粒机的研制提供作用部位与作用方向的参考.     

基于形态学的棉花种子破损检测

以"中棉35"棉花种子为对象,应用图像处理技术,提出了基于形态学的破损识别方法.采用链码算子获取轮廓信息并进行傅里叶算子平滑,根据曲率特征定位轮廓尖端点后,通过轮廓的对称性识别局部破损棉种;基于统计思想,根据大小、形状特征的差异识别严重破损棉种.选取完好、破损棉种各200粒进行识别试验,结果表明破损棉种识别率达到94%.     

Activation of repair pathways after neuronal DNA damage induced by bupivacaine

AIM To investigate the activation of related repair pathways after bupivacaine-induced neuronal DNA damage by cDNA gene screening. METHODS The bupivacaine-induced SH-SY5Y neuronal damage and DNA damage model was established. The technique of cDNA microplate array was used to screen the 21 important regulatory factors in the DNA damage repair pathway. Post-analysis of these differentially expressed repair genes for the repair pathway enrichment and distribution was performed. The data were analyzed by GraphPad Prism 6 statistical software to compare differences between groups. RESULTS The viability of SH-SY5Y cells treated with bupivacaine at different concentrations （detected by CCK-8 assay） showed that the IC₅₀ value of bupivacaine was 1.5 mmol/L. The comet assay related index （the comet tail） was increased （P<0.05）, the phosphorylation level of γH2AX protein was increased （P<0.05）, indicating that DNA damage in the SH-SY5Y cells was significantly aggravated after bupivacaine treatment. The results of cDNA microplate assay showed that compared withcontrol group, the differentially expressed genes after bupivacaine treatment were DNA-PKcs, PTEN, NTH1, RAD9, CSB, GADD45, XPD, XPC-HR23B and P53. The analysis showed that these repair genes were mainly concentrated in the following 3 repair mechanisms： base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and non-homologous reconstitution. CONCLUSION The repair genes differentially expressed after neuronal DNA damage caused by local anesthetics are mainly concentrated in the pathways of non-homologous end-joining, base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair.     

Protective effects of taurine on LPS-induced myocardial damage in rats

AIM: To investigate the effects of taurine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced myocardial damage in rats. METHODS: Healthy male SD rats (n=30) were randomly divided into control group (CON), LPS model group (LPS) and taurine treatment group (TAU). The rats in CON group and LPS group were intravenously injected with normal saline, and the rats in TAU group were injected with taurine (100 mg/kg). After 2 h, the rats in LPS group and TAU group were intraperitoneally injected with LPS at 10 mg/kg, and the rats in CON group were injected with normal saline. Six hours after injection of LPS, the blood samples were collected for determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. The myocardial tissues were processed for histological examination and the analysis of Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with CON group, LPS significantly reduced SOD activity in the serum and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) protein expression in the myocardial tissues, increased the serum content of MDA and levels of TNF-α and IL-6. LPS also significantly elevated the levels of TNF-α and IL-6, and up-regulated the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in the myocardial tissues. Taurine pretreatment significantly elevated SOD activity and HO-1 protein expression level, decreased the levels of COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6 and phosphorylated NF-κB. Histological observation showed that taurine reduced inflammatory response in the myocardial tissue. CONCLUSION: Taurine attenuates LPS-induced myocardial damage in rats. The beneficial effects of taurine may be associated with its reduction of p-NF-κB/COX-2 signaling by activation of HO-1/CO.     

耕地损毁鉴定指标体系研究

耕地损毁主要包括以下五种类型:耕地地面硬化、耕地地面塌陷、耕地挖损、耕地压占和耕地污染,笔者在分析耕地损毁类型特征基础之上,提出了耕地损毁鉴定体系指标选取的原则:综合性原则、分类指导原则、可操作性原则和耕地破坏程度认定与耕地恢复难易程度认定相当原则,由此得到耕地损毁程度的评价指标,采用层次分析法建立耕地损毁评价指标体系,并提出了完善法律法规,依法治理损毁、分类治理利用,推进耕地复垦、引导科学种田,加强耕地保护、创新防控机制等治理对策。研究结果可为耕地损毁鉴定、复垦方案的编制、复垦措施提供现实指导意义。     

海南芒果寒害保险合同费率厘定与修正研究

利用海南岛1990—2010年的芒果产量数据和1961—2010年的气象数据,计算了芒果的寒害减产历史序列,应用极值理论构建了产量风险分布模型,依此对各市(县)纯保险费率进行了厘定。并根据寒害的气象风险与产量风险区划成果,通过聚类分析得到区域风险系数,对纯保险费率进行修正,确定了不同免赔额下海南各市(县)芒果寒害保险的纯保险费率。结果表明:不同免赔额下白沙、琼中、五指山和澄迈的纯保险费率最高,说明其寒害风险最高,儋州、临高、屯昌的纯保险费率次之,风险也较高,这与气象指标统计的寒害风险基本一致,说明中部和西北部的芒果种植受寒害影响较大,适合采用高免赔额的费率标准。本研究中纯保险费率是根据气象资料计算而得的,避免了因采用产量资料出现资料短而不稳定的问题,可以有效的防止逆向选择和道德风险,有利于其他热带水果气象指数保险产品设计的借鉴,并使更多的农户参与到保险中来。     

山东发现草地贪夜蛾为害马铃薯

重大迁飞性害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)侵入我国后,截至2019年9月17日,已经在全国25个省份查见。2019年9月,山东省滕州市姜屯镇秋马铃薯地块发现疑似该虫为害,经鉴定,确认为草地贪夜蛾,对被害地块情况、马铃薯被害状、被害率进行了调查及描述,为该虫在马铃薯上的防治提供参考。     

高效氯氰菊酯对小鼠卵巢生殖功能的影响及维生素E的干预作用

为探究高效氯氰菊酯 (beta-cypermethrin, β-CP) 对雌性小鼠卵巢生殖功能的影响及维生素E (vitamin E, VE) 的干预作用,将雌性昆白小鼠随机分为6 组:空白对照组 (花生油处理)、β-CP不同剂量 (10、20、40 mg/kg) 处理组、VE保护组 (20 mg/kg β-CP+20 mg/kg VE) 和VE组 (20 mg/kg VE),连续灌胃10 d。灌胃结束后取小鼠卵巢组织,观察组织结构的病理变化,采用免疫组化法、蛋白免疫印迹试验及RT-PCR方法检测卵巢中StAR蛋白含量及casp-3、casp-8、INHα和INHβB 基因mRNA表达的变化。结果显示:与对照相比,10、20和40 mg/kg的β-CP处理均使小鼠卵巢组织结构发生了损伤,使组织中StAR蛋白的浓度分别降低了18.8%、36.3%和40.3%,casp-3基因的表达分别升高了16.0%、26.7%和52.9%,INHα基因的表达分别升高了34.5%、83.6%和228.7%,INHβB基因的表达分别升高了7.5%、39.2%和52.7%;20和40 mg/kg的β-CP处理使得casp-8基因的表达分别升高了27.1%和36.7%。上述处理组与对照组的差异均达显著水平 (P＜0.05)。与 20 mg/kg β-CP处理组相比,VE 保护组的StAR蛋白含量也显著增多 (P＜0.05)。研究表明,β-CP对小鼠卵巢具有毒性作用,这与β-CP抑制StAR蛋白的合成,上调casp-3、casp-8、INHα及INHβB基因的表达有关;添加VE对小鼠卵巢有一定的保护作用,这与VE可减弱β-CP对StAR蛋白合成的抑制作用有关。