大型仪器设备共享管理和成本核算探讨

苦瓜(Momordica charantia)具有丰富的营养价值和药用价值。由于耕地面积有限,苦瓜连作现象严重,根结线虫对苦瓜的为害逐年加重,严重影响苦瓜的产量和品质。针对海南省苦瓜根结线虫病的危害、传播途径、发生规律以及栽培特点,总结提出适合海南省苦瓜根结线虫病的防治对策,以期为海南苦瓜的安全生产提供技术支持。     

Influence of irrigation on the distribution and control of the nematode Meloidogyne javanica by the biocontrol bacterium Pasteuria penetrans in the field

Pasteuria penetrans, a bacterial parasite of plant-parasitic nematodes, is used to control root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. populations in vegetable crops. But its efficiency is variable, mostly because of the patchy distribution of the bacteria in arable fields. As the infective P. penetrans are non-motile bacteria in soil, abiotic soil factors can affect the bacteria–nematode relationships. An epidemiological study, conducted in a vegetable field, showed that abiotic factors such as irrigation, soil water holding capacity and texture, affected the efficiency of P. penetrans. A correspondence analysis between these abiotic factors and the density of P. penetrans spores in the soil, and the proportion of Meloidogyne javanica juveniles infected by the bacteria, revealed that irrigation affected directly the distribution of the spores in soil pores related to their passive transport by water flow. Laboratory experiments conducted on the passive transport of spores confirmed that intensive irrigation leached the spores down the soil profile and decreased the percentage of infected Meloidogyne juveniles.     

Global status of nematode problems of groundnut, pigeonpea, chickpea, sorghum and pearl millet, and suggestions for future work

Analysis of responses received from 40 cooperators in 20 countries to a questionnaire on nematode problems of groundnut, pigeonpea, chickpea, sorghum and pearl millet suggested that Meloidogyne spp. are internationally important nematode pests of groundnut, chickpea and pigeonpea. Pratylenchus spp. are important on all the five crops. In India, Heterodera cajani and Rotylenchulus reniformis are important pathogens of pigeonpea. Over the last 10–15 years, extensive nematode disease surveys have been undertaken for these crops in Australia, Egypt, India, Jamaica, Senegal, Sudan, Thailand and Zimbabwe; however, < 10% of the total crop areas were covered by these surveys. Except for Brazil, Egypt, USA and Zimbabwe, growers do not use nematicides to control the nematodes. Cultural practices, especially crop rotations, are the most commonly used control measures. Species of Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus and Rotylenchulus on the legumes, and species of Hoplolaimus, Pratylenchus, Quinisulcius and Xiphinema on the cereals, are strongly suspected of increasing the severity of fungal diseases. Work aimed at finding host resistance is being done in Brazil, Fiji, India and the USA, and some sources of resistance have been identified against Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica and R. reniformis. Facilities for resistance screening work now exist in many countries. Information on damage thresholds of important pest species are available only from Brazil, Fiji, India and the USA.     

类芽孢杆菌TX-4菌株对根结线虫的生防活性

采用类芽孢杆菌属TX-4菌株发酵提取液的不同浓度处理南方根结线虫2龄幼虫(J2)和卵。结果表明,TX-4发酵液的不同浓度提取液对线虫卵有显著的抑制作用,对J2幼虫有显著的致死作用。线虫卵的抑制率和J2幼虫的致死率,随着浸渍时间的加长和提取液浓度的升高而加大。用高浓度(10倍稀释液)提取液浸泡根结线虫卵2 d,对卵的孵化抑制率达70.4%。应用不同浓度的TX-4菌株发酵提取液或TX-4菌株细胞悬浮液防治接种J2(1000头/盆)的盆栽试验表明,两种处理均显著(P<0.01)减少番茄根瘤指数和线虫种群数量。     

四种熏蒸剂对辣椒疫霉和南方根结线虫的毒力

为明确不同熏蒸剂对土传病原菌辣椒疫霉Phytophthora capsici和南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的毒力,采用密闭熏蒸法测定了4种土壤熏蒸剂氯化苦、棉隆、威百亩、1,3-二氯丙烯的毒力及1,3-二氯丙烯和氯化苦复配的联合毒力。结果表明:氯化苦、棉隆、威百亩、1,3-二氯丙烯对辣椒疫霉的EC₅₀分别为0.12、2.44、8.30、8.45 mg/L; 对南方根结线虫的EC₅₀ 分别为1.23、0.22、0.30、0.18 mg/L。1,3-二氯丙烯和氯化苦以2:1、1:1、1:2比例复配时对辣椒疫霉的EC₅₀ 分别为1.13、0.24、0.14 mg/L;对南方根结线虫的EC₅₀分别为0.19、0.32、0.61 mg/L。结合经济效益和多种病害兼治的原则,推荐使用1,3-二氯丙烯与氯化苦1:1配比,可兼治辣椒疫病和根结线虫病。     

从枝菌根真菌对黄瓜南方根结线虫病害防治效应

在温室盆栽条件下,研究了丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae、Glomus intraradices及混合菌剂对黄瓜苗期与移栽后南方根结线虫病害的防治效应.结果表明:苗期接种AM真菌处理的侵染率低时,其抑制根结线虫侵染的能力也低;移栽缓苗后接种根结线虫后,接种AM真菌处理的黄瓜地上部干重、地下部干重、株高、植株养分吸收量均显著高于只接种南方根结线虫处理,根结指数显著低于只接种南方根结线虫处理.说明AM真菌确实能够通过与黄瓜根系建立共生体来防御南方根结线虫对黄瓜的危害,其中G.intraradices、G.mosseae菌种的促生及防治黄瓜南方根结线虫病害的作用显著.     

野生樱桃李对北方根结线虫和花生根结线虫的抗性

为探明野生樱桃李抗根结线虫种质资源的价值,以实生钵苗为试材,采用人工接种等方法,研究其对北方根结线虫和花生根结线虫的抗性.结果表明:接种后30 d,野生樱桃李根系中北方根结线虫、花生根结线虫的雌成虫数量分别占2龄线虫接种量的0.16％和0.03％,依据抗性评价标准判定其高抗北方根结线虫和花生根结线虫;接种北方根结线虫的群体中包含免疫、高抗和中抗3种类型,分别占群体总数的46％、48％和6％;接种花生根结线虫的包含免疫和高抗2种类型,分别占群体总数的56％和44％;接种北方根结线虫和花生根结线虫的植株未被侵染率分别为46％和52％,所有供试植株根系表面均未发现线虫卵块.野生樱桃李高抗北方根结线虫和花生根结线虫,其对北方根结线虫、花生根结线虫的抗性均存在显著的株间分离现象;抗侵入、抗发育和抗繁殖是其对北方根结线虫和花生根结线虫的主要抗性机制;野生樱桃李是抗根结线虫核果类果树砧木种质资源树种.     

南方根结线虫侵染对不同砧木嫁接冬瓜生长的影响

为了明确南方根结线虫对不同南瓜砧木嫁接冬瓜苗生长发育的影响,以期为冬瓜生产筛选抗根结线虫砧木品种,促进产业可持续发展。本文采用人工接种南方根结线虫,研究比较了‘海砧1号’、‘海砧2号’和‘银龙黄籽’3种南瓜砧木的冬瓜嫁接苗及冬瓜自根苗的抗性水平及植株生物量的差异。结果表明：不同南瓜砧木冬瓜嫁接苗和自根苗的病情指数、根结指数、卵粒指数和繁殖指数均随着生育期延长而不断升高,抗性水平发生不同程度变化;以‘海砧2号’为砧木的嫁接苗在全生育期均表现为抗病,以‘海砧1号’和‘银龙黄籽’为砧木的嫁接苗表现为高感,‘清远黑皮冬瓜’自根苗表现为感病。在茎叶鲜重和单果鲜重方面,生长中后期以‘海砧2号’为砧木的嫁接苗显著高于以‘海砧1号’和‘银龙黄籽’为砧木的嫁接苗以及‘清远黑皮冬瓜’自根苗,但与未接种的‘清远黑皮冬瓜’自根苗无显著差异。研究结果证实,南方根结线虫明显抑制了感病砧木冬瓜嫁接苗的生长和产量,对抗病砧木嫁接苗无明显影响。     

0.5％阿维菌素颗粒剂对胡椒南方根结线虫的田间防治效果

[目的]明确0.5％阿维菌素颗粒剂对胡椒南方根结线虫的防治效果和使用剂量,为其防治提供参考.[方法]采用田间药效试验研究0.5％阿维菌素颗粒剂对胡椒南方根结线虫的防治效果.[结果]0.5％阿维菌素颗粒剂使用量为60～ 75 kg/hm2,每株叶冠垂直地面根际挖15 ～30 cm深环形沟撒施,对胡椒南方根结线虫具有较好的防治效果,施药后40d的防治效果为74.84％ ～ 83.83％,持效期较短,且在试验剂量范围内对作物安全.[结论]该制剂可在胡椒上推广应用.     

牡丹根结线虫的鉴定

牡丹 Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.根结线虫雌虫会阴花纹近圆形 ,有些花纹在侧线部位向一方或两方延伸成翼状 ,在近尾端区有刻点 ;能侵染烟草、辣椒和花生 ,而不为害西瓜和棉花 ;雌成虫酯酶同功酶凝胶电泳只出现一条酶带 ,迁移率 0 .5。根据以上结果将牡丹根结线虫鉴定为北方根结线虫 Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood。