渭北旱地叶面施钙对红富士苹果产量和品质的影响

通过喷施5种不同含钙肥料研究了叶面喷钙对旱地红富士苹果产量和品质的影响.结果表明,喷施钙肥能有效的提高产量和品质,但对果实的毒素含量无影响.单喷硝酸钙比对照增产22.42,氯化钙增产12.07,2种钙肥加萘乙酸后优于单喷,增产61.78～70.91.果实内钙含量以喷施硝酸钙最高,比对照高13.55 mg/kg,Cl-1、NO3-1含量和总酸度以对照为最高,糖酸比以单喷硝酸钙最大,达101.1.     

微生物有机肥对烤烟育苗、产量和品质的影响

针对甘肃陇东烤烟生产中存在的品质较差以及病毒病严重等问题, 于2008年通过田间试验研究微生物有机肥对烤烟育苗、产量和品质的影响。试验结果表明: (1)苗床期施用微生物有机肥有助于培育壮苗, 成苗速度快, 叶片数提前达到移栽标准, 最大叶干重和地上部干重分别比对照增加41.9%和90.1%; 总根长、比根长和根尖数分别比对照增加151.5%、25.8%和286.0%, 根系干重增加1倍; 苗床土中可培养微生物活菌数增加, 放线菌数比对照多194.7%。(2)大田移栽时再次穴施微生物有机肥极大地提高了烤烟的产量和经济效益, 改善了烟叶的品质。微生物有机肥处理的产量和产值分别比对照增加23.2%和46.5%, 中上等烟比例增加16%, 纯收入增加12 363 元·hm^-2; 烟叶的钾、总氮、烟碱、蛋白质和糖含量以及施木克值等主要品质指标接近优质烤烟的适宜值, 中下部叶的钾含量达到3%以上。     

密云水库水源涵养林对水质的影响

 为给密云水库流域的水质保护规划和控制措施提供理论依据,以密云县北庄镇为试验区对水源涵养林进行调查,对地表水进行监测,分析水质中存在的主要问题及其产生的原因。自2000年密云水库流域开始实施“退耕还林”工程以来,森林面积不断增加,减少了由于农田施肥造成的非点源污染,使地表水水质的浑浊度和氨氮指标有所下降。以油松林和板栗林为例,对降雨流经森林生态系统各环节的水质进行监测、分析,说明密云水库流域水源涵养林与降雨之间的淋溶、交换、吸附等过程对降雨具有净化作用。     

氧化乐果对雄性小鼠睾丸琥珀酸脱氢酶和精液质量的影响

试验旨在研究有机磷农药氧化乐果对雄性小鼠睾丸琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)和精液质量的影响作用。将40只健康昆明雄性小鼠随机分为4组,即低、中、高3个染毒组和对照组,其中染毒组分别灌胃1.0、2.0、4.0 mg/kg氧化乐果,对照组灌胃生理盐水,采用等容量灌胃法(0.2 mL/10 g体重),连续灌胃14 d。随着氧化乐果染毒剂量的逐渐增加,小鼠睾丸琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活力、精子密度、存活率均明显降低,与对照组相比差异显著(P＜0.05);小鼠体重、睾丸重、附睾及其脏器系数与对照组相比差异均不显著(P＞0.05)。氧化乐果对小鼠精子密度和精子存活率有一定的损伤作用,对睾丸琥珀酸脱氢酶有明显的抑制作用。     

Effects of water exchange protocols on water quality,sedimentation rate and production performance of Penaeus monodon in earthen ponds

This study was carried out in farmers' fields to quantify the total water and consumptive water use in grow‐out culture of Penaeus monodon under recommended package of practice with two different water management protocols: T₁, with no water exchange and T₂, with regulated water exchange. Treatment‐wise estimated total water use, was 2.09 and 2.43 ha‐m 122 day^?1, while the computed consumptive water use index (m³ kg^?1 biomass) was 5.35 and 6.02 in T₁ and T₂ respectively. Lower rates of water exchange (T₂) showed significantly improved (P < 0.05) crop performance in terms of performance index (19.75 ± 0.75), production‐size index (74.1 ± 3.4), survival rate (80.13 ± 1.7%) and productivity (2.44 ± 0.08 t) over the zero water exchange. The shrimp pond water quality suitability index (WQSI) infers that regulated water exchange (T₂) improved the overall suitability of water quality for shrimp culture. WQSI up to 90 days of culture ranged between 7.5–9.0 in T₂, needs little management while in the last month of rearing, it was good with moderate management requirements. Treatment‐wise sediment load ranged between 50.4–56.3 m³ t^?1 shrimp biomass. High intensity of water exchange and low apparent feed conversion ratio influenced in lowering the sedimentation rate. Regulated water exchange protocol (T₂) performed well (higher net total water productivity and net consumptive water productivity) against no water exchange (T₁). A higher OV:CC ratio (ratio of the output value to the cost of cultivation) indicated that T₂ had a distinct edge over the T₁ protocol.     

土壤质量评价国内外研究进展

阐述了土壤质量及土壤质量评价的内涵,并从土壤质量评价的3个过程,即评价指标的筛选、评价指标权重的确定、评价方法的选择分别进行了分析。目前土壤质量评价工作中指标体系最小数据集筛选方法、评价指标转化的数学模型、定量化评价方法是当前土壤质量评价研究的热点。     

施氮对高寒区垂穗披碱草饲草生产性能及营养品质的影响

为探究高寒区施氮对垂穗披碱草饲草生产性能和营养品质的影响,本研究以建植第二年的垂穗披碱草(Ely-mus nutans)为研究对象,设置不同施氮处理:即纯氮N0(0 kg·hm-2),N10(100 kg·hm-2),N15(150 kg·hm-2),N20(200 kg·hm-2),N25(250 kg·hm-2),...     

适宜压力条件保持减压贮藏杏鲍菇品质

为了探讨不同压力对杏鲍菇减压贮藏品质的影响,以杏鲍菇为试材,采用0.07 mm的低密度聚乙烯袋抽真空减压包装,置于4℃下贮藏,研究杏鲍菇在0.10、0.06、0.04、0.02 MPa 4个压力条件下生理生化及品质的变化规律。结果表明:相对于常压(0.10 MPa),0.06、0.04 MPa在不同程度上可降低杏鲍菇子实体的呼吸强度,保持超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性,抑制膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量的升高,延缓杏鲍菇子实体的衰老进程,抑制多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性,保持杏鲍菇的色泽,以及杏鲍菇的硬度、弹性、内聚性、咀嚼性等质地品质。其中0.04MPa相对于其他压力贮藏效果较佳。0.02 MPa使杏鲍菇的生理生化及品质变化出现了异常。由此可得,适当压力范围内减压贮藏可以有效延缓杏鲍菇的成熟与衰老进程,较好地保持其品质,有效延长其贮藏期。     

Litter- and ecosystem-driven decomposition under elevated CO2 and enhanced N deposition in a Sphagnum peatland

Peatlands represent massive global C pools and sinks. Carbon accumulation depends on the ratio between net primary production and decomposition, both of which can change under projected increases of atmospheric CO₂ and N deposition. The decomposition of litter is influenced by 1) the quality of the litter, and 2) the microenvironmental conditions in which the litter decomposes. This study aims at experimentally testing the effects of these two drivers in the context of global change. We studied the in situ litter decomposition from three common peatland species (Eriophorum vaginatum, Polytrichum strictum and Sphagnum fallax) collected after one year of litter production under pre-treatment conditions (elevated CO₂: 560 ppm or enhanced N: 3 g m⁻² y⁻¹ NH₄NO₃) and decomposed the following year under treatment conditions (same as pre-treatment). By considering the cross-effects between pre-treatments and treatments, we distinguished between the effects on mass loss of 1) the pre-treatment-induced litter quality and 2) the treatment conditions under which the litters were decomposing. The combination between CO₂ pre-treatment and CO₂ treatment reduced Polytrichum decomposition by −24% and this can be explained by litter quality-driven decomposition changes brought by the pre-treatment. CO₂ pre-treatment reduced Eriophorum litter quality, although this was not sufficient to predict decomposition. The N addition pre-treatment reduced the decomposition of Eriophorum, due to enhanced lignin and soluble phenols concentrations in the initial litter, and reduced litter-driven losses of starch and enhanced litter-driven losses of soluble phenols. While decomposition indices based on initial litter quality provide a broad explanation of quantitative and qualitative decomposition, they can only be taken as first approximations. Indeed, the microbial ATP activity, the litter N loss and resulting litter quality, were strongly altered irrespective of the compounds' initial concentration and by means of processes that occurred independently of the initial litter-qualitative changes. The experimental design was valuable to assess litter- and ecosystem-driven decomposition pathways simultaneously or independently. The ability to separate these two drivers makes it possible to attest the presence of litter-qualitative changes even without any litter biochemical determinations, and shows the screening potential of this approach for future experiments dealing with multiple plant species.     

玉米粉和乳酸菌对甘薯蔓、酒糟及稻草混合青贮品质的影响

为评价玉米粉和乳酸菌对甘薯蔓、酒糟及稻草(4∶4∶2)混合青贮品质的影响,试验设对照组(CK)、玉米粉添加组(CF)、乳酸菌添加组(LAB)、玉米粉和乳酸菌组合添加组(CF+LAB),每个处理6个重复,室温下贮藏60 d开封,取样分析青贮品质。结果表明,添加玉米粉和乳酸菌制剂均明显提高了青贮料的感官品质,与CK相比,CF处理、LAB处理及CF+LAB处理中 CP含量极显著提高(P<0.01), NH₃-N/TN、AA、PA、Ash含量极显著降低(P<0.01),CF处理极显著地提高了DM、CP、LA含量(P<0.01),而LAB处理则极显著地降低了NDF、ADF含量(P<0.01),CF+LAB中NH₃-N/TN、AA含量及pH值极显著低于LAB(P<0.01),显著低于CF(P<0.05)。综上所述,添加玉米粉和乳酸菌制剂均提高了青贮品质,单独添加乳酸菌制剂青贮品质要次于单独添加玉米粉,两者组合添加青贮品质更好。