Downy mildew resistance in opium poppy: resistance sources,inheritance pattern,genetic variability and strategies for crop improvement

Downy mildew (DM) caused by Peronospora arborescens is the most destructive disease of opium poppy which assumes considerable importance in India and other poppy growing countries. The present study was aimed at identification and evaluation of stable resistance sources of DM in opium poppy. Furthermore, genetic variability and inheritance pattern of DM resistance has also been studied which can help in making strategy for crop improvement. Evaluation of 35 selected germplasm accessions of opium poppy under glasshouse and field conditions during the three consecutive years (2004–2005 to 2006–2007) resulted in identification of two genotypes (I-14 and Pps-1) as highly resistant and stable sources for DM resistance. Genetic studies of DM resistance revealed polygenic control with the dominance of susceptibility over resistance. Significant reciprocal differences were found largely due to maternal transmission of DM resistance indicating the involvement of cytoplasmic genes in addition to nuclear control. Analysis of genetic variability and selection parameters indicated predominance of additive effects for DM resistance and other yield contributing traits. Multivariate analysis resulted in classification of 35 selected accessions into 11 different clusters revealing very high level of diversity among the genotypes. Cluster analysis suggested that hybridization program involving genotypes from cluster V (which included highly resistant genotypes Pps-1 and I-14) and cluster IX (which included highly susceptible Jawahar-16 having good economically important traits like seed yield) could be expected to give best recombinants for improvement in terms of DM resistance and high seed and straw yield in opium poppy. Analysis of selection parameters like heritability and genetic advance also suggested that simple selection methods will be effective in stabilizing resistance traits following hybridization with high yielding genotypes.     

白斑综合征病毒单克隆抗体的制备及BA-ELISA方法的建立

白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrom virus,WSSV)是甲壳类动物的重要病原,作者采用提纯的WSSV免疫BALB/c小鼠,取小鼠脾细胞与SP2/0鼠骨髓瘤细胞融合,用间接ELISA法筛选阳性孔,经有限稀释法克隆,共得到3株能特异分泌抗WSSV的单克隆抗体(Mab)的杂交瘤细胞(1E9、1E10、4F5)。将3株杂交瘤细胞注射小鼠,制备腹水单克隆抗体,ELISA效价为1∶104~105。1E9、4F5的抗体亚型均为IgG1,1E10的抗体亚型为IgG2b。特异性实验表明:3株单抗与虾类病原桃拉综合征病毒(TSV)、罗氏沼虾诺达病毒(MrNV)、哈维氏弧菌(V.harveyi)均无交叉反应。Western bolt分析表明:单抗1E9与病毒28kD外膜蛋白特异性结合。采用生物素标记纯化后的单抗1E9,并建立了生物素-亲和素酶联免疫吸附法(Biotin-Adivin ELISA,BA-ELISA)用于WSSV的检测,该方法对提纯病毒的检测灵敏度约为4 ng,对病虾血淋巴的检测灵敏度达1∶25000。     

牛支原体单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

以牛支原体(Mycoplasma bovis)湖北分离株HB0801作为抗原免疫8周龄BALB/c小鼠,利用杂交瘤技术筛选出了6株能稳定分泌抗牛支原体的单克隆抗体细胞株,分别生产腹水并对单抗进行了纯化和特性鉴定。经亚型测定,这些单抗都属IgG类。腹水ELISA效价在1×10⁵~1.6×10⁶。ELISA特异性分析结果表明,6株单抗与临床分离的牛支原体菌株以及ATCC标准株PG45都显阳性反应,但与牛的其他常见病原菌如多杀性巴氏杆菌、化脓隐秘杆菌等都显阴性反应。所有制备的单抗都与无乳支原体有交叉反应,其中两株单抗1A5和1C11只与无乳支原体有交叉反应,与其他支原体无交叉反应。经Western blotting验证,6株单抗分别识别牛支原体全菌蛋白中的不同条带,说明分别针对不同的蛋白抗原。这些牛支原体单克隆抗体为后期建立牛支原体检测方法及致病机理研究奠定了良好基础。     

利用PRNP-/-羊制备朊蛋白多克隆抗体及其特性分析

【目的】利用朊蛋白双基因敲除（PRNP-/-）羊制备朊蛋白多克隆抗体,并对其特性进行分析。【方法】构建山羊朊蛋白（PrP）原核表达载体,转入大肠杆菌并诱导表达,纯化获得羊PrP;将获得的PrP免疫PRNP-/-山羊,制备朊蛋白特异性的多克隆抗体;并对获得的朊蛋白多克隆抗体进行ELISA及Western-blot检测。【结果】获得了大量的朊蛋白特异性抗血清,间接ELASA检测抗血清中朊蛋白多克隆抗体的效价为25600;Western-blot检测显示所制备抗体不仅可以识别鼠、牛、羊脑组织内源性朊蛋白,而且能识别鼠脑组织内朊病毒。【结论】PRNP-/-转基因山羊可用于制备大量高亲和力朊蛋白多克隆抗体,获得的抗体可用于多种动物朊蛋白及朊病毒类疾病的检测。     

Tracking fungi in soil with monoclonal antibodies

Species of the genus Trichoderma are ubiquitous soil-borne fungi that exhibit antagonism towards a number of economically important plant-pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. This review discusses recent developments in the use of monoclonal antibodies to detect these fungi in their natural soil environments and to quantify their population dynamics during antagonistic interactions with saprotrophic competitors in soil-based systems. Immunological approaches to detection and quantification are examined in relation to conventional plate enrichment techniques and to nucleic acid-based procedures. An example of recent research using a mAb-based assay to quantify the effects of saprotrophic competition on the growth of Trichoderma isolates in mixed species, soil-based, microcosms is presented. Future technological developments in immunoassays for tracking Trichoderma populations in soil are discussed and results presented showing the accurate detection and visualization of a plant growth-promoting isolate of T. hamatum in the rhizosphere of lettuce using mAb-based immunodiagnostic assays.     

卡那霉素人工抗原的制备及鉴定

为了人工制备卡那霉素完全抗原。将卡那霉素标准品与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)或卵清白蛋白(OVA)偶联,制备人工抗原。利用两种不同的偶联方法：碳二亚胺法(EDC)和戊二醛法(GDA),分别制备出KAN-BSA（作为免疫原）,KAN-GDA-OVA（作为包被原）。利用SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳鉴定和动物免疫试验等,鉴定了完全抗原偶联情况。结果显示：制备的卡那霉素完全抗原能刺激小鼠机体产生相应抗体,且抗血清效价均达到1:2.56×10⁴,其中一号小鼠的IC₅₀值为22.28 ng/mL,说明完全抗原免疫原性良好,抗原制备成功。     

大鲵虹彩病毒主要衣壳蛋白的原核表达及多克隆抗体制备

根据大鲵虹彩病毒(Chinese giant salamander iridovirus,GSIV)主要衣壳蛋白(Major Capsid Protein,MCP)基因设计引物,PCR扩增得到MCP基因编码框全长序列1 392 bp,将其克隆到原核表达载体p ET-32a中,构建了重组原核表达载体p ET-32a-MCP,并在大肠杆菌BL21中得到了表达,融合表达的重组蛋白分子量约为70 ku,与预期大小一致,主要以包涵体的形式存在。对IPTG浓度,诱导温度等诱导表达条件进行优化,确定0.5 mmol/L的IPTG于37℃的条件下诱导6 h重组蛋白的表达量最佳。纯化GSIVMCP重组蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔,制备了GSIV-MCP多克隆抗体,ELISA检测抗体效价大于1∶50 000。Western blot检测显示该抗体可以特异性识别重组蛋白。间接荧光免疫结果表明,该多克隆抗体可与由GSIV感染引起细胞病变的EPC细胞(GICB)发生特异性的结合。研究为建立GSIV免疫诊断方法以及为研究GSIV MCP基因编码蛋白的功能奠定了前期基础。     

绿盲蝽AlEcR-A的单克隆抗体制备及在外源20E诱导下的应答

【目的】获得绿盲蝽(Apolygus lucorum)蜕皮激素受体(A1EcR-A)原核表达的重组蛋白,制备单克隆抗体,分析绿盲蝽AlEcR-A在外源蜕皮激素(20E)诱导下mRNA及蛋白表达量的变化趋势,为进一步研究EcR的功能奠定前期基础,同时也为构建20E信号传导的网络图谱提供理论依据。【方法】在前期获得绿盲蝽AlEcR-A的基础上,将含有其基因的T载体经NdeⅠ和XbaⅠ双酶切,构建AlEcR-A原核表达载体(pCzn1-AlEcR-A),将该表达载体经IPTG诱导表达和蛋白Ni-IDA亲和纯化,以获得AlEcR-A基因功能区的纯化蛋白。进一步用其进行免疫反应,取小鼠的脾细胞与SP2/0细胞进行细胞融合,采用间接ELISA及Western blot筛选验证是否为目的抗体,通过抗体纯化,Western blot检测该抗体能否特异性结合AlEcR-A重组蛋白及绿盲蝽总蛋白,从而制备得到AlEcR-A蛋白单克隆抗体。最后利用RT-PCR及Western blot方法,进行20E微注射绿盲蝽2龄若虫,分析8 d内AlEcR-A的mRNA及蛋白含量的变化,明晰20E诱导下AlEcR-A的应答反应。【结果】经NdeⅠ和XbaⅠ双酶切后原核表达载体pCzn1-AlEcR-A在大肠杆菌Arctic express中能高效表达一个约为55 kD的蛋白,且该重组蛋白经IPTG诱导后主要以包涵体的形式存在;经Ni-IDA亲和层析后,pCzn1-AlEcR-A重组蛋白的包涵体纯度仅在55 kD附近有一条明显的特异性条带,说明靶蛋白已得到纯化。进一步通过小鼠免疫、细胞融合及腹水制备,获得了1株能稳定分泌抗AlEcR-A蛋白单克隆抗体的细胞株,命名为8H7;Western blot分析表明,该细胞株不仅能与绿盲蝽总蛋白结合,还可特异性与AlEcR-A重组蛋白反应,且条带大小一致,说明制备的AlEcR-A单克隆抗体准确、有效;RT-PCR及Western blot结果表明,与注射蒸馏水相比,20E微注射处理后的绿盲蝽AlEcR-A mRNA表达量及蛋白表达量均显著升高,且随着处理时间的延长,其增值幅度也逐渐增高。【结论】获得了一株高特异性的能稳定分泌AlEcR-A单克隆抗体的细胞株,20E有诱导AlEcR-A mRNA及蛋白表达的作用。     

间接血凝方法检测副猪嗜血杆菌抗体

将副猪嗜血杆菌(Hps)4、5、13型分离菌株超声产物致敏经戊二醛和鞣酸处理的绵羊红细胞,建立了检测Hps抗体的间接血凝试验方法。对15种血清型Hps阳性血清进行检测,结果均为阳性,抗体效价达1∶2⁵~1∶2¹⁰,敏感性明显高于琼脂扩散试验。对其它16种病毒和细菌的阳性血清进行检测,结果除胸膜肺炎放线杆菌有凝集外,其余均为阴性。对620份临床血清进行检测,阳性率为67.58%。结果表明,该方法敏感性较高、特异性强,可用于Hps抗体水平的检测和流行病学调查。