Build up of patches caused by Rhizoctonia solani

Rhizoctonia solani is a complex species that is composed of different anastomosis groups (AG). Although these different AGs show differences in their host ranges, generally R. solani is a phytopathogenic species with a wide spectrum of hosts. It has the ability to grow as a saprotroph, which further complicates its behaviour as a parasite. The losses caused by R. solani are very important and need a sustainable management strategy. The patchy appearance of the disease caused by this pathogen is well-known. The patches show within and between season dynamics. The factors which affect the spread of the disease can be grouped into three main categories: host plant, pathogen and environment. However, each of the categories in its detail may depend on or react with the other categories. There are a number of factors that may be involved in dynamics of patches. These potential mechanisms are discussed. It is essential to know about the mechanisms involved to develop an effective control strategy. Although more work is needed to investigate different mechanisms of parasitism deployed by different AGs in different hosts, it seems that many mechanisms external to the host are operating at the same time which necessitates an integrative research approach to study and control the diseases caused by R. solani.     

奶牛乳房炎防治研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是危害奶牛养殖业常见的疾病之一.本文对控制奶牛乳房炎的经济意义、预防和治疗乳房炎及乳房炎防治研究方向等方面进行简要综述,为深入研究奶牛乳房炎的综合防治提供资料.     

Role of RGD-mediate Adhesion in Signal Transduction of Plant Resistance

During the period of the primary contact time,there are series of recognition between the Fungal pathogens and the plant cell,which include physical and biochemical recognition.The results affect the infection directly.In the process of penetrating plant cell walls,there is not only an emzymolysis to plant cell wall,but also a mechanical squeeze to the cell wall.The latter almost trigger cell-associated defense response,such as extracellular hydrogen peroxide generation and callose doposition The complete cell wall-related defence response will be induced by mechanical signal and chemical signal together.Being to with the mammalian cell,in plant cell wall intergrin-like proteins have response to perceive the mechanical signal,which is via RGD(Arg-Gly-Asp)motif,and the plasma membrane-cell wall adhesion is required for expression of plant defense responses during fungal penetration.     

冬枣黑疔病病原菌鉴定

近年在河北省、山东省等地的冬枣果实上发现一种新病害—冬枣黑疔病,又称黑斑病或果实黑点病。经2004-2005年在河北省和山东省7市县调查,从18批次219个冬枣病果样品中分离得到653个分离物,经筛选、纯化和回接试验,依照柯赫氏法则对冬枣黑疔病病原菌进行了研究,根据病原菌的形态特征,病原菌鉴定为毁灭茎点霉Phoma destructivaPlowr.和细交链孢Alternaria alternata(Fr.)Keissler。     

Interplot interference and the assessment of barley cultivars for partial resistance to leaf rust,Puccinia hordei

Summary The barley cultivars Akka, highly susceptible, and Vada, partially resistant to barley leaf rust, Puccinia hordei, were evaluated for the amount of leaf rust in five experimental field plot situations over three successive years. The field plot situations were: A) plots well isolated from each other by distance and non-leaf rust contributing host plants; B) adjacent plots of 4×41/2 m (18 rows); C) adjacent plots of 4×11/2 m (6 rows); D) adjacent plots of 4×1/4 m (1 row); E) adjacent plots of only one plant (cultivar mixtures).The sporulating leaf area of each plot was measured from samples of 20 tillers taken at random from each plot. In each year the difference in sporulating area between Akka and Vada was large to very large in the absence of interplot interference in the isolated plots, ranging from 150 to 2100 times. In the adjacent plots the partial resistance of Vada was greatly underestimated, 5 to 16 times in the situation B, 14 to 30 times in C, and 75 to 130 times in D and E.Testing lines or cultivars in adjacent plots is the standard procedure in use in breeding programs and in tests of cultivars for their agricultural value. To avoid such under estimation the following procedure is suggested. A few cultivars representing the known range of partial resistance and whose level of partial resistance is well known are evaluated together with the lines and cultivars whose partial resistance has to be assessed. This is demonstrated with a number of cultivars of which resistance values are know from the recommended variety lists for England and Wales. Cultivars have been assessed in Wageningen over four years together with the check cultivars Akka, Sultan, Julia and Vada representing the range of partial resistance with values (on a 1 to 10 scale) of 1, 3–4, 7 and 8 respectively, based on isolated plots experiments.     

奶牛乳腺炎病因分析及防治措施

[目的]探索奶牛乳腺炎病因及其防制措施。[方法]分析奶牛乳腺的免疫学机制,总结乳腺炎发病的原因,并提出奶牛乳腺炎的综合防制措施。[结果]奶牛乳腺存在体液免疫和细胞免疫的免疫学机制。其发病原因主要是病原微生物的感染。可采取加强卫生管理、实行干奶期治疗、疫苗免疫、选育高抗乳腺炎病的奶牛品种等方法进行防治。[结论]该研究为预防奶牛乳腺炎提供了理论依据。     

禽致病菌ESBLs和AmpC酶的检测及药敏分析

用全自动微生物鉴定系统(VITEK-32)鉴定了禽分离致病菌,分别进行了β-内酰胺酶(BLA)、超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)、AmpC酶的检测,并用试管两倍稀释法测定了各种抗生素对非产酶菌、产ESBLs菌及产AmpC菌的抗菌活性。结果表明,鉴定分离的20株致病菌有大肠埃希菌15株、阴沟肠杆菌1株、铜绿假单胞菌1株、法氏柠檬酸杆菌1株、肺炎克雷伯菌1株及鹑鸡肠球菌1株,其中法氏柠檬酸杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及鹑鸡肠球菌系兽医上首次检出。报道所分离的20株致病菌均产β-内酰胺酶,其中产ESBLs 9株,同时产ESBLs和AmpC酶1株。产酶菌株对抗生素的耐药性严重,而抗生素/抑制剂联用能降低药物对细菌的MICs。     

病原体溯源技术研究进展及在寄生虫上的应用

病原体是导致人和动植物感染疾病的根源,带来一系列的安全隐患。病原体溯源研究对于基因型鉴定、分类地位准确化、流行病学调查及疾病的防控具有重大意义。近年来,分子生物学技术已被广泛用于病原溯源研究。作者主要对病原体溯源技术的最新研究进展及其在寄生虫上的应用作一综述。     

鹦鹉常见细菌病的病原菌分离与鉴定

鹦鹉饲养过程中常见的细菌病主要包括大肠杆菌病、传染性鼻炎、禽霍乱、传染性眼炎等。通过对鹦鹉常见疫病的病原菌进行分离鉴定,探讨了鹦鹉常见细菌病的主要致病菌的类型以及行之有效的防治方案。试验结果表明,引起鹦鹉常见细菌病的主要致病菌有大肠杆菌、鸡副嗜血杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和耐药性链球菌。