Hydroacoustic assessment of mono‐ and polymorphic Coregonus density and biomass in subarctic lakes

Density and biomass estimates of pelagic fish are essential to understand food web interactions and ecosystem functioning. We conducted surveys of six subarctic lakes for assessing both mono‐ and polymorphic whitefish Coregonus lavaretus (L.) populations. Monomorphic whitefish lakes were inhabited by a habitat and diet generalist, large sparsely rakered (LSR) morph, whereas polymorphic whitefish lakes had a littoral benthivorous LSR morph, a pelagic planktivorous densely rakered (DR) morph and in two cases a benthivorous small sparsely rakered (SSR) morph inhabiting the profundal zone. In addition, an introduced specialist zooplanktivore, vendace Coregonus albula (L.), inhabited one of the monomorphic lakes. Hydroacoustics was found to be an appropriate method for estimating coregonid densities and biomasses in large and deep polymorphic lakes occupied by the planktivorous DR morph or vendace, but only during dark nights in autumn. The suitability of hydroacoustic assessment for benthivorous LSR and SSR morphs was low, especially in polymorphic whitefish lakes due to their preference for near‐bottom habitat or shallow areas not sampled with hydroacoustics. The pelagic density of DR morph varied from 330 to 1780 fish·ha^?1 and biomass from 1.4 to 13.3 kg·ha^?1 in polymorphic whitefish lakes, whereas corresponding estimates for LSR morph were 10–320 fish·ha^?1 and 0.5–8.4 kg·ha^?1 in monomorphic whitefish lakes. In general, polymorphism tended to increase the density and biomass of whitefish in the pelagic area compared with monomorphic systems.     

水肥一体化技术在苹果园中的应用研究

针对目前山东省内多数苹果园存在的规模化、机械化管理水平不高,传统灌溉施肥模式废水废肥等问题,提出结合实际情况在不同规模的苹果园内应用不同模式的水肥一体化系统,介绍了不同水肥一体化模式的适用范围,总结了苹果园应用水肥一体化技术具有节约水肥药、改善苹果品质、保护土壤等优点,对促进山东省苹果生产方式转型升级、实现苹果产业绿色高效高质发展具有积极作用。     

Feeding of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., parr in the subarctic River Teno and three tributaries in northernmost Finland

Abstract— Available food and feeding of Atlantic salmon parr were studied in different parts of a subarctic river in northernmost Finland, the River Teno: in the large main stem, in a major tributary influenced by lakes, and in two minor tributaries. The highest density of benthic organisms was found in an outlet of a lake, but drifting organisms were the most abundant in the small tributaries. Migrant parr that move to the small tributaries from the main stem have better food resources in their new habitat. Plecoptera nymphs were the most important prey for salmon parr early in the spring. Later in the summer dipterans were usually the dominant prey group. In September the importance of Plecoptera was emphasized in the small tributaries and the lake outlet, and that of Trichoptera in other sites. Drifting prey was used more by large than by small parr. The utilization of drifting food appeared to be related to the water temperature rather than to the availability of the drift.     

福瑞鲤选育家系不同养殖阶段的生长差异分析

为了进一步观察最佳线性无偏预测(best linear unbiased prediction,BLUP)家系选育方法在福瑞鲤(Cyprinus carpio)继代选育中的潜力,该研究测量了继续选育第2代家系群体不同养殖阶段的体质量和形态性状。结果表明,生长快速家系群福瑞鲤早期(4月龄)生长速度较慢,到后期则生长加快,其体质量增长表现出明显的优势。在体型方面,随着养殖时间的延长,福瑞鲤各选育家系群的体厚/体长增加,体高/体长降低,逐渐呈现其体型修长的特征;同时2个越冬期的成活率均达到了94%以上。结果表明通过BLUP家系选育对福瑞鲤长期选育是可行的。在此基础上,通过主成分分析发现,福瑞鲤生长性状第一主成分是体质量;对不同生长时期的体质量进行相关性分析,发现9月龄、14月龄、21月龄鱼的体质量与24月龄的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P0.01),分别为0.851、0.897和0.957。因此,在福瑞鲤继续选育过程中,进行早期个体选择值得尝试。     

养殖鱼源嗜水气单胞菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制

为研究体外诱导敏感嗜水气单胞菌耐药后,其敏感性变化与基因突变、外排作用的关系,实验选取对氟喹诺酮类药物敏感的养殖鱼源嗜水气单胞菌临床分离菌株为研究对象,分别在含亚抑菌浓度恩诺沙星(EN)和诺氟沙星(NF)的培养基上逐步诱导培养,以获得高耐药菌株;对诱导菌株gry A和par C基因进行扩增和测序分析;测定诱导菌对诱导药物和16种非诱导药物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)及添加外排泵抑制剂N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)后的MIC值变化;并对诱导菌交叉耐药情况进行比较分析。结果发现,诱导后菌株对EN和NF的MIC分别提高了409.6和4096倍,对非诱导氟喹诺酮类药物和其他类药物的MIC也有较大变化;药物诱导后各菌株gyr A基因和par C基因编码的氨基酸QRDRs区发生了典型的点突变:Gyr A发生Ser83→Ile变化,Par C发生Ser87→Ile/Arg变化;添加NMP后,所有诱导菌株对两种药物的MIC值均有不同程度的下降;诱导后菌株交叉耐药情况与菌株密切相关,其中3和8号诱导菌株对16种非诱导药物均无交叉耐药反应,而EN诱导菌株对氨基糖苷类和利福霉素类药物基本未产生交叉耐药反应,NF诱导菌株对除庆大霉素以外的氨基糖苷类和利福霉素类药物基本未产生交叉耐药反应,所有诱导后菌株均对四环素类和氯霉素类药物产生较严重的交叉耐药。研究表明,嗜水气单胞菌对氟喹诺酮类耐药存在靶基因位点突变及主动外排作用等多种耐药机制;且应慎重考虑在防治耐药菌株引发病害时,交叉耐药情况对选择治疗药物的影响。     

松浦镜鲤与德国镜鲤选育系（F4）的可量性状、鳞片数比较

对松浦镜鲤（SP）和德国镜鲤选育系（F4）（DJ）的可量性状及体表鳞片数进行比较,SP与DJ的可量性状与体表鳞被存在差异。SP的体长／体高（2．44±0．15）、头长／眼间距（2．24±0．08）明显小于DJ,体长／头长（3．86±0.20）、头长／吻长（2．99±0．23）明显大于DJ,SP体表的鳞片数明显少于DJ。结果表明,从DJ到SP遗传选育过程中,体型和鳞片的变化已达到了选育目的。     

A synthetic control approach to estimate the effect of total allowable catches in the high seas

Total allowable catch restrictions (hereafter referred to as catch quotas) play an important role in maintaining healthy fish stocks. While studies have identified a positive relationship between catch quota implementation and improved stock status, these methods are subject to selection bias as catch quotas are typically applied to stocks that are depleted. We address this challenge using the synthetic control method, which estimates the causal effect of catch quotas on fishing mortality and biomass by predicting a synthetic counterfactual outcome. We focus on high seas stocks (tunas, billfishes, and sharks) managed by tuna Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (tRFMOs), first providing an overview of stock status and current management measures in place. We find that implementation of catch quotas by tRFMOs has more than doubled over the past decade. Second, we predict the hypothetical fishing mortality and biomass trajectory for seven high seas quota-managed stocks in absence of a catch quota. These “synthetic non-quota stocks” are predicted using a weighted selection of high seas non-quota stocks. Credibility of the synthetic non-quota stocks is evaluated through diagnostic checks, and robustness tests assess sensitivity to study design. Five credible fishing mortality synthetic controls are predicted: three add support to the hypothesis that catch quotas successfully reduce fishing mortality, while two find that catch quotas increase fishing mortality. While our analysis is limited in scope, given that all seven quota-managed stocks are managed under a single tRFMO, we highlight the potential for the synthetic control method in fisheries management evaluation.     

菜豆新品种将军油豆的选育

将军油豆是以农家品种大马掌为母本 ,家雀蛋为父本人工杂交后系统选育而成。中熟 ,蔓生 ,从播种到采收 6 5d(天 ) ,生长势强 ,嫩荚绿色 ,扁条形 ,荚尖部有红条纹 ,平均荚长 2 0cm ,荚宽 2 .4cm ,单荚质量 2 4g ,纤维少 ,肉质面 ,属典型的东北优质油豆角类型。抗炭疽病、锈病 ,适应性广 ,春秋皆可种植 ,露地、保护地兼用     

栗瘿蜂危害程度新指标的筛选与测定

通过对栗瘿蜂(Dryocosmus kuriphilus)危害程度传统指标的研究分析,经严密论证,提出了能准确反映栗瘿蜂对栗树危害程度的新指标为枝均栗瘿蜂数;详细介绍新指标的测定方法。新指标的采用对于预测预报栗瘿蜂的消长及检验栗瘿蜂的防治效果等有着重要意义。     

桉属树种与种源、家系比较试验

以９个桉属树种，其中８个种泊来自原产地，７个家系和７个杂种后代来自国内次生资源进行混合比较，５年生评价结果表明：树种、种源、家系呈极显著差异；尾叶桉及其两个种源、尾巨桉杂交种细叶桉的１３５４４种源适合本试验区戒严和格短轮伐期经营，可获得适应性和生长指标平均值超过平均水平３５％的选择效应。其中最优为１４５３４号尾叶桉种源，５年生单株材积０．０５０．６１ｍ＾３／株（８９．０３ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２）。种子采