Mammary stem cells： expansion and animal productivity

Identification and characterization of mammary stem cells and progenitor cells from dairy animals is important in the understanding of mammogenesis, tissue turnover, lactation persistency and regenerative therapy. It has been realized by many investigators that altered lactation, long dry periods （non-milking period between two consecutive lactation cycles）, abrupt cessation of lactation （common in water buffaloes） and disease conditions like mastitis, greatly reduce milk yield thus render huge financial losses within the dairy sector. Cellular manipulation of specialized cell types within the mammary gland, called mammary stem cells （MaSCs）/progenitor cells, might provide potential solutions to these problems and may improve milk production. In addition, MaSCs/progenitor cells could be used in regenerative therapy against tissue damage caused by mastitis. This review discusses methods of MaSC/progenitor cell manipulation and their mechanisms in bovine and caprine animals. Author believes that intervention of MaSCs/progenitor cells could lessen the huge financial losses to the dairy industry globally.     

虹鳟肝癌一例

本文报道了对虹鳟肝脏肿瘤进行的组织学检验情况,认定为恶性肿瘤。病因为饲料中含黄曲霉毒素及鱼体老龄化。     

Vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP) of a canine-transmissible venereal tumour in a murine model with Pd-bacteriopheophorbide (WST09)

Treatment of canine‐transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) with local vascular‐targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP) using Pd‐bacteriopheophorbide (WST09) as a drug is suggested as an alternative to conventional chemotherapy. Male CD1 nude mice were subcutaneously grafted with the xenograft‐transmissible canine venereal tumour (XTVT). The VTP protocol delivered once consisted of intravenous administration of WST09 (10 mg kg^?1) followed by immediate local illumination with a diode laser (763 nm). Controls included animals treated with light or WST09 alone. Macroscopic and microscopic evaluations of tumour response were conducted 10, 24 and 48 h after treatment. Upon VTP, tumours underwent necrosis that lasted 8–10 days and exhibited complete healing by 25–35 days, reaching an overall long‐term cure rate (83%) by 90 days after treatment. This study suggests that VTP with WST09 can efficiently treat CTVT in a single session, as compared with 4–6 sessions of chemotherapy and thus may be feasible for common veterinary practice, particularly under ambulatory conditions.     

Research Progress of Matrine and Oxymatirne in the Anti-tumor Mechanism

The Matrine and Oxymatirne are two kinds of alkaloid, and have many kinds of pharmacological functions. In recent years, their anti-tumor mechanism has been paid more attention. This article is a summarization of the research progress of Matrine and Oxymatirne in the anti-tumor mechanism. Now people have found out that the Matrine and Oxymatirne can restrain the multiplication of tumor cells via restrainning the synthesizatinon of DNA and the enzyme activity and effectting the normal cycle, and they also can restrain the transfer of the tumour via controlling the expression of the genes, and induce the death of the tumour cell and induce the tumour cell to differentiate into the common cell via controlling the expression of the genes and effecting the telomerase activity.     

黑白花奶牛初乳中G6PDH GOT与乳腺分泌机能关系的研究

本文研究黑白花奶牛初乳中葡萄糖-β-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PDH),谷草转氨酶(GOT)、三氮醋酸沉淀蛋白(TCA-P)的动态变化,以及G6PDH,GOT与乳腺分泌机能的关系。结果表明:G6PDH,GOT,TCA-P在初乳7天的分泌模式为y=Ax~(-b)。初乳中每次挤奶乳样的G6PDH总量的7天平均值与日产乳量(3个月平均)存在显著正相关(r=0.7163,n=14,P<0.01);G6PDH与TCA-P的相关系数为r=0.7183(n=35).GOT与TCA-P的相关系数为r=0.8642(n=35)。本研究认为,黑白花奶牛初乳中的G6PDH、GOT活性可反映乳腺在初乳阶段的分泌机能,并可作为预测乳产量的指标。     

羊乳腺上皮细胞的形态观察

用组织块培养法获得山羊乳腺细胞原代培养物,并根据山羊乳腺成纤维细胞与上皮细胞对胰蛋白酶的敏感性不同将二者分离纯化。对细胞形态进行光镜观察发现:纯化的山羊乳腺上皮细胞传代至第15代时其生长仍正常。山羊乳腺上皮细胞含不同的细胞类型,大多数上皮细胞呈短梭形或多角形,呈蜂窝状;部分细胞呈圆饼状,体积较大;部分细胞呈长形。纯化的乳腺上皮细胞增殖可形成圆顶型结构,呈乳头状,称之为乳球体。     

Breed differences in the proportional morbidity of testicular tumours and distribution of histopathologic types in a population-based canine cancer registry

Histologically verified tumours submitted to the Norwegian Canine Cancer Register from 1990 to 1998 were studied (n=14,401). The proportion of testicular tumours (n=345) was 2.4%, and the breakdown of histological tumour diagnoses is presented. The frequency of the most common histopathological types was 33% interstitial (Leydig), 26.4% Sertoli and 33.9% seminomas/germ cell tumours. The average age at diagnosis was 10 years, but was significantly lower for Sertoli cell tumours (8.6 years) than for the other tumour types. Following a histopathological re-evaluation, 22.5% of the original tumor diagnoses were modified. Proportional morbidity ratios were calculated and individuals from the breeds Shetland sheepdog and Collie were five times more likely to have testicular tumours than the overall average for the registry. Breed differences in the distribution of histopathologic types were observed. Shetland sheepdog and Collie were most commonly diagnosed with Sertoli cell tumours, while all tumours from Norwegian elkhound in this material were seminomas.     

Comparison of steroid receptor expression in normal, dysplastic, and neoplastic canine and feline mammary tissues

Steroid receptor expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in neoplastic, hyperplastic/dysplastic, and normal mammary tissue samples removed from 68 queens and 47 bitches, using monoclonal antibodies against human oestrogen-alpha (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR). Mammary lesions were classified according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, and all animals with invasive carcinomas were clinically followed for 2 years. Stromal and/or lymphatic invasion and histological grading were also recorded. In both species, ER expression was significantly higher in healthy tissues, hyperplastic/dysplastic lesions, and benign tumours than in carcinomas. The loss of ER expression was more marked in feline than in canine carcinomas. In queens, PR expression increased in dysplastic lesions and "in situ" carcinomas and decreased in invasive carcinomas, even if parts of these tumours were still PR-positive. In bitches no significant variation in PR expression was observed between normal tissue, dysplasias, and benign neoplasms, but was significantly lower in carcinomas. In both species ER and PR expression in invasive carcinomas did not correlate either with histological parameters or overall survival time. This study demonstrates several differences in steroid hormone dependency between the two species. The percentage of PR-positive feline carcinomas suggests a possible role of progesterone in promoting early tumour cell growth in queens. The low percentage of ER-positive invasive carcinomas further demonstrated the aggressive phenotype and behaviour of feline mammary tumours.     

Cutaneous Melanocytoma in a Llama (Lama glama)

Veterinary Research Communications -     

Metallothionein expression in benign and malignant canine mammary gland tumours

The presence of metallothioneins (MTs) were demonstrated immunohistochemically using a monoclonal antibody (E9) against a conserved epitope of I and II isoforms in canine mammary tumours. In a semiquantitative analysis MT expression in the tumour cells was observed in 54/54 cases of benign and 32/40 malignant mammary neoplasms. A statistically significant difference at the level of P<0.01 was observed for MT expression between benign and malign mammary tumours in terms of immunoreactivity score. It is concluded that immunohistochemically demonstrated MT expression is significantly associated with benign canine mammary tumours.