抗玉米纹枯病早代材料分子标记辅助选择的初步研究

本研究利用已定位的两个SSR标记phi116和umc1044对CML270×掖478的145个F2:4家系进行玉米抗纹枯病分子标记辅助选择。结果表明,单个标记和两个标记选择对抗病家系和感病家系中选率差异不大。利用phi116和umc1044分别选择与抗病亲本CML270相同带型的家系,抗病家系中选率分别为27.3%和20.0%,选择与感病亲本掖478相同带型的家系,感病家系中选率分别为95.8%和93.3%;同时使用phi116和umc1044时,抗病家系中选率为29.5%,感病家系中选率为93.8%。利用标记phi116和umc1044对玉米纹枯病抗病材料进行早代选择是有效的,可淘汰大量感病家系,大大减轻工作量。     

Marker-assisted selection for two dominant powdery mildew resistance genes introgressed into a hybrid grape population

Molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) was carried out to track the inheritance of Run1 and Ren1, two dominant powdery mildew resistance genes that originate from different genetic resources. The Run1 locus was introgressed from a Muscadinia rotundifolia × Vitis vinifera BC₄ hybrid plant derived from a recurrent pseudo-backcross breeding scheme, whereas the Ren1 locus was introgressed from the powdery mildew-resistant V. vinifera L. variety Kishmish vatkana. Introduction of the Ren1 resistance gene of V. vinifera origin into the breeding program makes possible the long-term defence of the dominant Run1 gene. Using a BC₅ (BC₄ × Kishmish vatkana) hybrid progeny consisting of 441 plants and applying several SSR and BAC-derived CB markers, we demonstrated that the powdery mildew-resistant phenotype co-segregated with the presence of at least one resistance locus-linked marker in the genome. Our data also corroborated earlier findings that the M. rotundifolia-derived Rpv1 and Run1 loci are closely linked. To further streamline the selection process, we developed a multiplex PCR- and agarose gel electrophoresis-based method for the simultaneous detection of both Run1 and Ren1. The results illustrate that MAS offers a rapid and accurate method to select hybrid genotypes that combine multiple loci of interest in grape.     

分子标记技术在棉花育种中的应用

主要介绍了几种分子标记技术的原理及其特点,并且阐述了这几种分子标记技术在棉花种质亲缘关系鉴定、不同棉花种质遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱的构建、QTLs定位、品种指纹图谱的构建、品种(杂种)纯度鉴定及辅助育种等研究中的应用。     

应用分子标记辅助选育抗褐飞虱水稻两系不育系

[目的]选育抗褐飞虱水稻两系不育系。[方法]以B5为供体材料,采用分子标记辅助选择,将B5所含的Bph14和Bph15基因导入两系不育系1892S,获得符合两用核不育系标准的株系S136、S179、S192。[结果]分子标记检测结果表明,3个株系分别携带Bph14+Bph15;人工接虫鉴定结果显示,3个两系不育系都高抗褐飞虱。[结论]该研究为进一步选育抗褐飞虱杂交稻组合提供了亲本材料。     

菜薹分子标记利用的研究进展

 介绍了近年来菜薹研究中使用的几种分子标记的基本原理及特点,综述了分子标记技术在菜薹种质资源多样性分析、指纹图谱构建及杂种纯度鉴定、遗传连锁图谱构建及QTL定位分析等方面的研究进展和所取得的成绩,分析讨论了分子标记技术在菜薹应用研究中的存在的问题及今后的发展方向。     

长期稻草还田对胡敏酸化学结构的影响——高级13C NMR研究

为了从分析技术上对胡敏酸的结构分异进行定量化研究,以湖南桃源地区的长期(1990—2011年)田间试验为平台,采用元素分析、稳定碳同位素分析和高速多重倾斜幅度交叉极化/魔角自旋(Multiple cross-polarization/magic angle spinning,multi CP/MAS)定量测定技术结合选择性官能团测定的固态13C核磁共振(Nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)方法,旨在利用系列技术阐明连续22年稻草还田对土壤胡敏酸化学结构的影响。结果表明,稻草还田后胡敏酸含量增加了78%,但元素组成没有发生显著变化,其分子饱和程度、氧化度和极性都与不施肥对照很接近。稻草还田土壤胡敏酸的δ~(13)C值低于对照,表明长期稻草还田提高了非极性物质来源的碳。定量multi CP/MAS NMR方法则证实稻草还田后主要提高了土壤胡敏酸的脂类、芳香族物质和木质素比例,而蛋白质、多肽和糖类物质的比例则有所降低,从而导致烷基/烷氧基比值及疏水性指数增大,表明其分解程度增加,疏水性特征更加明显。高级NMR技术进一步发现胡敏酸中有大量的质子化碳,稻草还田后质子化芳香碳比例增加,但质子化异头碳和烷氧基比例降低,而它们的非质子化碳相对稳定;δ113~93化学位移内除异头碳外还含有芳香碳,且稻草还田的芳香碳在此化学位移内的比例更高。可见稻草还田后土壤胡敏酸的量和结构均有所变化,高级测定技术对结构的刻画有助于了解长期稻草还田肥力的提升机制。     

Association mapping in rice: basic concepts and perspectives for molecular breeding

In the last decade, association mapping (AM) has become a well-established method to detect genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with agronomically important traits. The identification of a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from genome sequencing and concurrent development of high-throughput genotyping platforms has led to AM being widely used for a range of crops. These technologies have been used in rice (Oryza sativa) to explore the abundant diversity and there is enormous potential to identify novel QTLs for traits of interest. Due to the availability of cost-effective high-throughput SNP genotyping methods and rapid developments in rice genomics, it is inevitable that these AM approaches will become more popular in the future, especially in the context of genome-wide association studies (GWASs). In this paper, we review the fundamental concepts, critical considerations and limitations of AM focusing on rice, and reiterate the importance of accurate phenotypic data. We also include a section about connecting GWAS to molecular breeding, covering practical consideration for breeders, which is required to use GWAS results in actual rice molecular breeding programs and which has not received adequate attention in the scientific literature.     

不同稻区稻瘟病菌致病型变异及基于MAS的品种对稻瘟病的抗性鉴定

稻瘟病是影响水稻生产的重要病害。监测田间稻瘟病菌菌群致病型的组成是有效推行利用抗病品种抗瘟策略的必须环节。本研究采集2015年湖北省10个稻作区的穗颈瘟标本,以单基因鉴别品系对分离得到的菌群进行致病型的测定,并分区进行品种的抗瘟性鉴定,结果表明,不同稻作区菌群致病型的组成存在差异,品种对不同稻作区菌群的抗性明显不同,单基因品系中9个抗性基因在湖北稻区受侵染程度也存在明显差异。     

果树分子遗传图谱研究进展

概述了果树分子遗传图谱构建的理论基础、一般程序和方法,针对作图群体类型、群体大小的确定、分子标记技术的选择和偏分离标记位点的处理等问题进行了讨论.介绍了质量和数量性状基因位点定位、基因组比较作图、标记辅助选择育种和基因定位克隆技术在果树分子遗传图谱上的应用及其所构建的分子遗传图谱,指出了今后果树分子遗传图谱研究的重点.     

多元羧酸与木材酯化反应的固体核磁共振谱CPMAS~(13)CNMR的表征

本研究要用以多元羧酸为酯化剂 ,以无机盐为催化剂的交联体系。这一体系是新型的、水溶的、无毒害、无污染的非甲醛系试剂并联体系。本文采用固体核磁共振谱CP MAS1 3 CNMR ,测定木材主要组分酯化反应的CP MAS1 3 CNMR波谱 ,归属主要谱线 ,分析了多元羧酸与木材交联反应过程中主要组分的化学结构变化。结果表明 :酯化反应后 ,羧基碳的比率增加 ;芳香族碳和羟基碳的比率减少 ;烷基碳的变化随着羧基碳的变化而改变。这一变化趋势与采用FTIR和ESCA得到的变化趋势一致