表面活性剂对蓝点笛鲷幼鱼急性毒性研究

[目的]了解表面活性剂对蓝点笛鲷幼鱼的毒性。[方法]采用半静水法生物测试,以蓝点笛鲷幼鱼为受试生物,研究了十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）、十二烷基苯磺酸钠（DBS）对其急性毒性,[结果]2种表面活性剂的毒性大小为：SDS〉DBS。其安全浓度分别为0.406 3、0.584 0 mg/L。SDS与DBS对蓝点笛鲷幼鱼的24和48 h的LC50分别为2.022 0、2.858 5 mg/L和1.769 1、2.514 9 mg/L。[结论]SDS与DBS对蓝点笛鲷幼鱼为中等毒性物质。     

六溴环十二烷短期暴露对红鳍笛鲷幼鱼甲状腺激素T3和T4含量的影响

为研究六溴环十二烷(HBCD)短期暴露对红鳍笛鲷的甲状腺素干扰效应及相关机理,实验室条件下分别将红鳍笛鲷幼鱼暴露于3个不同浓度的HBCD(8.6、43.0、215μg·L-1)溶液中24、48、96 h后,以肝脏和脑组织中三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)和四碘甲腺原氨酸(T4)含量及T3/T4比值为生物标志物,评价HBCD短期暴露对红鳍笛鲷肝、脑组织甲状腺功能的影响。结果表明,HBCD对红鳍笛鲷幼鱼肝、脑组织甲状腺具有明显的干扰作用,且8.6、43.0μg·L-1浓度暴露下对T3、T4含量以诱导作用为主,215μg·L-1浓度暴露下短时间内表现为极显著的诱导作用(P0.01),随暴露时间延长则表现为极显著的抑制作用(P0.01)。此外,HBCD暴露过程中,肝组织T3/T4比值均极显著低于对照组(P0.01),且呈明显的时间-效应和剂量-效应关系;脑组织T3/T4比值则随暴露浓度和暴露时间呈现较大差异,主要表现为短时间暴露T3/T4比值高于对照组、长时间暴露T3/T4比值低于对照组。研究表明,红鳍笛鲷肝脏和脑组织甲状腺素T3、T4含量及T3/T4比值对实验室3种浓度的HBCD胁迫均具有足够的灵敏度,在一定程度上可为环境中甲状腺激素干扰物的筛选和生态风险评价提供重要的科学依据。     

Stock assessment on fishery-dependent data: Effect of data quality and parametrisation for a red snapper fishery

Data availability, and unreported and unregulated fishing are significant obstacles to evaluating stock status, especially in tropical areas. Limitations in data quantity and quality can lead to model misspecification and erroneous data treatments, potentially causing important changes in model outputs and subsequent management implications. Red snapper Lutjanus purpureus (Poey) in French Guiana provides an example of a stock with a long-time series of fishery-dependent data subject to large uncertainty. A flexible catch-at-age model (Stock Synthesis) was applied to the available data and compared to an historically applied assessment approach. Inter-model variability based on different model specifications and data treatments were compared to identify better the status of the resource. Results showed that a major source of uncertainty in the model was the inclusion of a catch-per-unit-effort abundance index with questionable ability to track abundance. The Stock Synthesis model provided a more flexible and viable method than the virtual population analysis approach. Despite large uncertainty, models depicted a similar trend with a notable stock depletion in the late 1990s but with two distinct biomass trends in more recent years depending on the treatment. To reduce uncertainty and preserve this important economic resource, new data collection programmes and management policies are needed.     

Evidence of Exposure to Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae among Arizona Dogs Outside a Previously Documented Outbreak Area

Since 2003, two communities in eastern Arizona have experienced a sustained outbreak of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, associated with transmission by Rhipicephalus sanguineus, the brown dog tick; 70 human cases, including eight deaths, were reported from these communities during 2003 through 2008. In both of the affected communities, antibodies to spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR) were present in dogs before the notice of the first human cases, suggesting that dogs may serve as useful sentinels for human risk of RMSF in this region. During 2005 and 2006, an exploratory serosurvey was conducted among stray and relinquished dogs presenting to animal control facilities in eastern Arizona located outside the area where human cases had been reported. Antibodies to SFGR were detected in 5.7% (14 of 247) dogs assessed outside the RMSF outbreak area. Animal shelters located in counties that either included or shared large borders with the outbreak area were significantly more likely to have seropositive dogs than facilities in more geographically separated counties (P = 0.01). In addition, stray dogs were significantly more likely to be antibody‐positive than relinquished animals (P = 0.01), suggesting that control of stray dog populations should be considered as a means of limiting SFGR transmission in this region. The findings from this study may be extrapolated to suggest that the current risk for human RMSF infection may extend beyond the noted outbreak area. Heightened surveillance for human disease is needed in the region.     

Distribution and feeding habits of juvenile and young John's snapper Lutjanus johnii in the Matang mangrove estuary, west coast of Peninsular Malaysia

ABSTRACT:   The aim of the present paper was to provide some information on the distribution pattern and feeding habits of juvenile and young Lutjanus johnii in the Matang mangrove estuary on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Sampling was carried out at five sites using otter trawl nets from October 1998 to January 2000. Ninety-three individuals of juvenile and young L. johnii were collected during the research period. The range in total length varied from 3.4 to 21.1 cm, and the gonads of all fish were at the immature stage. Fish were caught at the river mouth and neighboring sites in Matang at a water depth of 1.6–7.5 m, salinity of 12.4–28.3, and temperature of 27.3–31.6°C. Individuals fed mainly on Natantia and Mysidacea, although the type of food varied with size. Large-sized individuals fed mainly on Natantia, and small-sized individuals on Mysidacea.     

In vitro protein digestibility of different grow‐out stages of spotted rose snapper (Lutjanus guttatus,Steindachner, 1869)

The aim of this study was to compare in vitro protein digestibility between two groups of fish, at early (21 g) and late stages (400 g) of spotted rose snapper Lutjanus guttatus, to evaluate the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and total amino acid release (TAAR) using crude extracts from stomach, pyloric caeca and intestine of 13 protein ingredients including marine, animal and plant meals. Degree of hydrolysis and TAAR were measured by a pH‐Stat method, and the PAGE‐Zymogram was also used as complementary technique. Differences in DH were found between both grow‐out stages mainly in the alkaline hydrolysis phase. Fish and squid meals (marine sources) had the highest DH and TAAR, followed by porcine meat and poultry meal by‐products from recycling sources, and soybean and canola meals (plant sources), which represent better protein sources for use in practical diets. Stomach zymograms showed two pepsin isoforms in both grow‐out stages. Pyloric caeca and intestine zymograms showed five bands with proteolytic activity in the early grow‐out stage, whereas four additional bands were found in late grow‐out stage. Alkaline proteases were identified as serine and metalloproteases. Thus, L. guttatus presents an ontogenetically differentiated digestive enzyme pattern that modifies the DH and TAAR of different protein sources.     

红笛鲷头肾消减cDNA文库的构建与分析

应用抑制性消减杂交技术(SSH)构建红笛鲷(Lutjanus sanguineus)头肾消减cDNA文库,筛选红笛鲷免疫相关基因的EST.以哈氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)灭活疫苗体内诱导红笛鲷为实验组,以注射无菌生理盐水的红笛鲷为驱动组,通过SSH技术构建红笛鲷头肾消减.DNA文库.利用PCR技术和斑点杂交对文库进行筛选,从2 424个含插人片段的阳性克隆中筛选了680个克隆在上海生工进行了序列测定.使用BLASTx和BLASTn工具对获得的ESTs与GenBank数据库进行同源性比较并根据相似性序列的名称通过GO法对ESTs进行注释.结果获得了30个与红笛鲷免免疫防御相关基因的EST,如组织相容性抗原复合物基因(MHC I和MHCII),免疫球蛋白基因(IgH和IgL)、热休克蛋白基因(HSP10,HSP70和HSP90)等.本研究构建了哈氏弧菌灭活疫苗免疫后与正常组织差异表达的消减cDNA文库,并获得一批与红笛鲷免疫防御相关的ESTs,旨在为探讨红笛鲷分子免疫防御机制、筛选参与免疫防御调控相关的功能基因,揭示红笛鲷免疫抗病机制、提高机体抗病力、实现遗传改良奠定基础.     

4种水产药物对蓝点笛鲷幼鱼急性毒性试验

采用半静水法生物测试,以蓝点笛鲷（Lutjanus rivulatus）幼鱼为受试生物,研究了甲醛、苯扎溴铵、聚维酮碘和高效氯氰菊酯对其的急性毒性。结果表明,毒性大小依次为高效氯氰菊酯〉聚维酮碘〉苯扎溴钱〉甲醛。甲醛、苯扎溴铵和聚维酮碘为低毒物质,安全质量浓度（SC）分别为19．8800mg·L^-1、7．5710mg·L^-1和2．8429mg·L^-1;高效氯氰菊酯为剧毒物质,SC为0．0028mg·L^-1;甲醛、苯扎溴铵、聚维酮碘和高效氯氰菊酯对蓝点笛鲷幼鱼的24h半数致死质量浓度（LC50）分别为81．3240mg·L^-1、40．7619mg·L^-1、15．2077mg·L^-1和0．0153mg·L^-1;48hL C50分别为75．9587mg·L^-1、34．7413mg·L^-1、12．9894mg·L^-1和0．0129mg·L^-1。根据试验结果,建议菊酯类不宜作为蓝点笛鲷育苗药物使用,聚维酮碘和苯扎溴铵要慎用。     

5种笛鲷mtDNA及Cyt b基因片段的RFLP比较

采用线粒体DNA限制性片段长度多态性分析(mtDNA-RFLP)和线粒体DNA的细胞色素b基因(Cyt b)的部分序列扩增限制性片段长度多态性分析(mtDNA PCR-RFLP)两种方法,对笛鲷属5种鱼类进行种间系统发育的比较研究,结果显示：(1)画眉笛鲷依照其形态学上体侧条带颜色差异,可分为褐带画眉笛鲷和黄带画眉笛鲷两个种;(2)千年笛鲷和星点笛鲷、褐带画眉笛鲷和黄带画眉笛鲷、金带笛鲷和金焰笛鲷之间遗传距离相对较近;(3)两种分析方法都可以为种的区分提供方便有效的分子标记;(4)两种分析方法在构建发育系统树上不完全一致。本文从mtDNA角度深入研究了南海海域笛鲷的系统发生,表明了mtDNA作为一种广泛应用的分子标记的实用性,同时也有一些潜在问题需要进一步研究。