荔枝生产相关的水分生理指标远程监测研究

利用植物远程监测系统对荔枝园中的大气温湿度、土壤湿度、光照强度、大气蒸汽压差(VPD)等环境因子和茎干直径微变化、果实生长、叶片温度等树体生理指标进行了监测,发现该系统能准确及时并无伤害地记录他们的实时和周期性变化。据获得的数据初步表明,当果实处于快速膨大期,主茎的加粗生长明显缓慢,一旦果实采收后,茎干加粗生长则有一个迅速上升的变化;当土壤湿度高于33%(v/v)时,主茎的生长受到明显的抑制;VPD白天上升,夜间下降,当夜间VPD始终高于0,就形成所谓的“夜间干燥”,VPD的这种变化对荔枝主茎和果实的生长以及叶气温差(LATD)都有较大的影响,如主茎和果实的日间收缩量随VPD的增大而增大,夜间空气干燥不但抑制了主茎生长,也使日最大LATD下降。据此认为,果实和茎干的生长之间存在竞争关系,土壤湿度过高或者夜间空气干燥对荔枝的生长不利。     

水稻旱作对其生长量和经济产量的影响

1998～1999年，研究了水稻旱作条件下，不同生育时期受水分胁迫后对作物生长量的影响。结果表明：不同指标对水分胁迫时期的敏感性不一，植株高度对抽穗期水分胁迫最敏感；单株绿叶面积和单株地上部干重对幼穗分化后期水分胁迫最敏感；根系干重和根冠比对幼穗分化前期水分胁迫最敏感；幼穗分化后期水分胁迫对经济产量影响程度最大，无效分蘖期水分胁迫对产量影响程度最小。     

苜蓿冠层温度与农艺性状的相关分析

对从国内外引进的31个苜蓿品种分枝期—结英期的冠层温度及其农艺性状指标进行了相关分析和偏相关分析。结果表明，苜蓿冠层温度与分枝期和现蕾期的茎叶比、开花期的叶面积和产量间存在显著的偏相关关系，可作为产量高低的间接或直接指标；由于农艺性状指标间互相关的影响，冠层温度与农艺性状指标间的单相关系数可靠性差，且与偏相关系数有明显的差异；排除农艺性状指标间互相关影响后，偏相关系数可靠性大，可作为变量间关系密切程度的量化指标。     

新疆石河子地区沙漠增温效应对绿洲农业影响的研究

由于沙漠 ,绿洲 ,空气的比热等热性能不同 ,形成沙漠夏季温度明显高于绿洲 ,进而对绿洲地区增温 ,称沙漠增温效应。石河子地区 1 0 0 km范围内沙漠对绿洲的增温平均 1 .76℃ ( 1～ 2℃ ) ;根据绿洲距沙漠的远近与气温间存在的线性关系 ,回归方程为 :y=2 7.5 2 97- 0 .0 335 x。 r=- 0 .881 3*。沙漠增温效应对绿洲农业有多方面作用 ,形成夏季富照高温、秋季大日较差以及促成棉花在夏季的“冷害”等 ,深刻地影响绿洲特色农业、栽培技术及人们生活     

Variation in the development of secondary dormancy in oilseed rape genotypes under conditions of stress

Summary A substantial amount of seed is left in the fields before and during harvest of oilseed rape. Although this crop exhibits little or no primary dormancy, the absence of certain environmental cues that promote germination of imbibed seeds induces secondary dormancy. The work reported investigated the extent to which environmental stress conditions, including osmotic stress, low oxygen stress and anaerobiosis, induce secondary dormancy in oilseed rape, and examined the variation in development of secondary dormancy between and within genotypes. Osmotic stress was most effective in inducing dormancy. Anaerobic treatment produced very few dormant seeds, as did an atmosphere low in oxygen and high in nitrogen. The development of secondary dormancy under osmotic stress varied considerably between and within genotypes. Dormancy ranged from almost zero to about 60% for winter genotypes and about 85% for spring types. Within genotypes, variations occurred between seed lots and years of harvest. Temperature variations affected the percentage of dormant seeds. More dormant seeds were likely to be produced with incubation under water stress at 20 °C than at 12 °C. In winter genotypes, fewer dormant seeds were produced when incubation temperature and germination test temperatures differed. Thus, incubating at 20 °C and 12 °C, followed by germination tests at 20 °C and 12 °C, respectively, produced most dormant seeds. Also, in the winter genotypes, the potential development of secondary dormancy was positively correlated with the pattern and speed of germination of untreated seeds.     

碳酸氢根和铵态氮共同对菜豆生长及养分吸收的影响

 以菜豆为材料进行水培试验, 探讨了高浓度NH₄⁺-N与HCO₃^-共存介质对菜豆生长发育及其营养吸收的影响, 结果表明: ①以HCO₃^--N 为主要氮源时, 菜豆生长状况最好; 以NH₄⁺-N为主要氮源且无HCO₃^-存在时, 培养前期菜豆根系就发生受害现象, 叶片出现萎蔫; 但加入HCO₃^-后, 随着营养液中HCO3- 浓度从0 升高到13. 0 mmol/L , 菜豆长势逐渐改善, 表明HCO₃^-与NH4+ 以较合适的比例共存于介质中可明显减轻二者非共存对菜豆生长的抑制作用。② 同一处理, 菜豆整株对主要营养元素吸收量的次序为: N > K> P > Ca >Mg > Fe >Mn , 以NH4+2N 为主要氮源时, 随HCO₃^-浓度升高, 菜豆对N、P、Ca、Mn 的吸收量逐渐增大。③以NO_3^--N 为主要氮源, P、Fe、Mn 元素在根部出现累积, 而以NH₄⁺-N为主要氮源时, 随HCO₃^-浓度增加, N、P、Ca、Mn 在根部亦有累积现象。     

苹果低氧气调新组合贮后效应的利用研究

利用0.12mm聚乙烯薄膜大帐进行低氧气调新组合的较大规模应用试验,对2394kg玫瑰红苹果进行低氧处理,帐内O2浓度可下调至约2%,CO2浓度可自动维持在5%～8%的较理想状态,处理结束后很易转为MA自发气调。低氧处理后再MA贮藏的苹果,虎皮病果率低、症状轻,腐烂果少,果柄和果皮新鲜,叶绿素保持效果好,果肉硬度明显高于小包装气调和冷藏对照。说明利用塑膜大帐进行前期低氧新组合处理与后期自发气调、实现低氧气调新组合贮后效应的利用是可行的。     

Effects of temperature on ascospore germination and penetration of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) leaves by A- or B-group Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker)

Ascospores of both A-group and B-group Leptosphaeria maculans germinated at temperatures from 5 to 20°C on leaves of oilseed rape. Germination of ascospores of both groups started 2 h after inoculation and percentage germination reached its maximum about 14 h after inoculation at all temperatures. Both the percentage of A-/B-group ascospores that had germinated after 24 h incubation and germ tube length increased with increasing temperature from 5 to 20°C. Germ tubes from B-group ascospores were longer than those from A-group ascospores at all temperatures, with the greatest difference at 20°C. Hyphae from ascospores of both groups penetrated the leaves predominantly through stomata, at temperatures from 5 to 20°C. A-group ascospores produced highly branched hyphae that grew tortuously, whereas B-group ascospores produced long, straight hyphae. The percentage of germinated ascospores that penetrated stomata increased with increasing temperature from 5 to 20°C and was greater for A-group than for B-group L. maculans after 40 h incubation.     

Leaf, floret and seed infection of wheat by Pyrenophora semeniperda

Infection processes of Pyrenophora semeniperda on seedling and adult wheat leaves and wheat ears were investigated. Almost 100% germination of conidia occurred on seedling leaves, compared with 20–30% on adult leaves. Appressoria formed over the anticlinal epidermal cell walls and haloes always accompanied infection. Sometimes papillae formed within the leaves as a resistance mechanism. Infection hyphae ramified through the intercellular spaces of the mesophyll resulting in cellular disruption. The infection processes on floral tissues were similar to those observed on leaves; however, no infection occurred on anther, stigmatic or stylar tissues. Infection of ovarian tissue occurred both with and without appressoria formation. Hyphae grew mainly in the epidermal layers and appeared unable to breach the integumental layer as no growth was observed in endosperm or embryo tissues. The optimum dew period temperature for conidial germination was 23·6°C, compared with 19·9°C for lesion development, 20·4°C for the production of infection structures on seedling leaves and 23·7°C for floret infection. Leaf disease development occurred in a logistic manner in response to dew period, with maximum infection observed after 21 h compared with > 48 h in seeds. An initial dark phase during the dew period was necessary for infection and temperature after the dew period had an effect, with significantly more numerous and larger lesions being formed at 15°C compared with 30°C. Seedling leaves were found to be more susceptible than older leaves, under both field and controlled environment conditions. Infection of wheat seeds following inoculation of ears, or after harvest burial of inoculated disease-free seeds, was demonstrated. In the latter, 3-week-old seedlings were slightly stunted, whereas older plants were unaffected. The apparent unimportance of this plant pathogen as a cause of leaf disease in relation to its poor adaptation to dew periods and dew period temperature is discussed, along with the importance of its seed borne characteristics.