A reconsideration of natural dispersal distances of the pine pathogen Dothistroma septosporum

The natural spread of Dothistroma septosporum, the causal agent of a foliar disease of pines, was investigated at three sites in the south of England using trap plants. The pathogen is considered to be primarily rain‐splash dispersed, but this study shows that it can be spread many hundreds of metres from an inoculum source, demonstrating that dispersal is not solely via rain splash. The maximum distance the pathogen was recorded from any infection source was in excess of 1400 m, over five times the distance defined in the only previous work of this kind. Consequently, a reassessment of forest and production nursery management practices is called for, as these assume that the pathogen only spreads naturally over limited distances. Detection of the pathogen on trap plants over 100 m from the inoculum source was, in most cases, only possible using quantitative real‐time PCR diagnosis. The entire diagnostic procedure, from DNA extraction to amplification, was able to detect a minimum of approximately 17 D. septosporum cells in a pine needle sample, assuming only a moderate DNA extraction efficiency of 30%.     

提高石油库罐区土地利用率的方法

通过罐区单位容量用地面积来探讨罐区容量和油罐规格之间的关系以及油罐的布置方式，给出了降低罐区的ψ值，提高罐区土地利用率的方法。提出储存相同火灾危险性油品的罐区容量应在３００００ｍ＾３以上为宜；一定的罐区容量对应一定的油罐规格，才能节省罐区的用地面积；油罐容积不超过５０００ｍ＾３的罐区，油罐采用双列布置比单列布置节省罐区的用地面积。     

Life on the edge - High levels of genetic diversity in a cliff population of Bertya ingramii are attributed to B. rosmarinifolia (Euphorbiaceae)

Wind-facilitated migration of new genotypes into small, geographically disjunct populations should buffer them against local extinction. Bertya ingramii, a monoecious, wind-pollinated shrub, is restricted to three populations in a 4 km² area in eastern Australia. Populations are separated by deeply dissected gorges where it is unlikely that seeds are exchanged but where wind movement may facilitate pollen dispersal. Using 156 highly polymorphic ISSR markers, we found moderate genetic variation within and among populations of B. ingramii and less genetic diversity in a nearby and small population of the widespread Bertya rosmarinifolia. The smallest population of B. ingramii (<30 plants) had the highest genetic variation (65% polymorphic markers, Shannon Information Index = 0.30). AMOVA and a Bayesian analysis showed that molecular variance was equally distributed within and among populations suggesting that gene flow is as limited within as in among populations. Genetic distances between populations were only weakly explained by their relative geographic distances (mantel test, R² = 0.21, P = 0.001) but the distribution of private bands, the departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and a UPGMA tree showed that the smallest population of B. ingramii was generally more similar to an upstream population of B. rosmarinifolia. Thirty-eight percent of bands in this small population of B. ingramii were exclusively shared with B. rosmarinifolia. This covert hybridisation may have been an ancient event but may be responsible for contemporary declines in germination and establishment in B. ingramii. The conservation implications are amplified by the endangered status of B. ingramii.     

银中杨不同根幅造林试验

采用拉丁方设计方法,较系统地研究了不同根幅银中杨大苗造林成活率及当年高、径生长量的关系。结果表明:根幅35 cm和25 cm的较15 cm的造林成活率分别提高28和21个百分点;根幅35 cm和25 cm的较15 cm的当年高生长量分别提高246%和65%,当年径生长量分别提高83%和37%;在黑龙江省西部半干旱地区,采用二根一干或二根二干的银中杨大苗造林,根幅以35 cm左右为宜。     

湿地松粉蚧有效积温及其在国内可能扩散范围的研究

应用恒温条件下直线回归法，对湿地松粉蚧发育起点温度与有效积温进行研究，结果表明：粉蚧完成１代的发育起点温度为７．８±１．０℃，最适发育温度为２４～２５℃，有效积温为１０４２．９±８８．４日度；粉蚧向北扩散，在华南地区为年发生４代区，在长江以南地区为年发生３代区，在黄河以南地区为年发生２代区；粉蚧的最适生境在湖南省、江西省中南端区域     

Predicting the rate of range expansion of an invasive alien bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) using a stochastic spatio-temporal model

To develop effective strategies for managing biological invasions, it is important to understand and be able to predict patterns of invasion and range expansion, and particularly the rate of spread and factors controlling this rate. To predict the spatial dynamics of invasion by an alien bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) in Hokkaido, Japan, we explicitly constructed a stochastic spatio-temporal model that incorporates immigration and establishment processes. Using a Bayesian approach, we parameterized the model based on spatio-temporal presence/absence data collected by citizen volunteers and used the model to predict control of the near-future spread of the bumblebee under several management strategies. The range expansion dynamics of B. terrestris were significantly negatively affected by two aspects of environmental heterogeneity: the land-use pattern (the proportion of woodland) and climate (the snow depth). Of the several spatial management strategies, suppressing the outlying (edge) colonies would be the most efficient strategy to reduce the bumblebee’s spread, irrespective of the level of effort, and would significantly slow the bumblebee’s range expansion during the next 30 years. The modeling approach employed in the present study will be broadly useful for studying real-world biological invasion problems, for which prediction of the progress of an invasion, even in the very near future, is urgently needed to support effective spatial management options and countermeasures. In addition, the model demonstrates that incorporating the dynamics of environmental heterogeneity is a fundamental requirement for prediction and risk assessment during biological invasions, especially in the context of recent rapid changes in the environment at regional and global scales.     

北京山区主要针叶林可燃物空间连续性研究——可燃物水平连续性与树冠火蔓延

以北京市山区主要针叶林(侧柏林和油松林)为研究对象,通过对林分树冠可燃物的负荷量、结构、理化性质及火行为特征进行分析,建立了树冠可燃物水平连续性指数D和评估等级,并对侧柏林和油松林的可燃物水平连续性进行评估与分析。研究结果显示:可燃物负荷量对火蔓延速度的影响显著,随可燃物负荷量增大,火蔓延速度增加,增加幅度受到可燃物紧密度的影响;风速对火蔓延速度的影响十分明显,对可燃物水平连续性的影响程度大于坡度;相同风速下,油松林树冠火的蔓延速度大于侧柏林;侧柏林D的平均值为1.470(高度连续),油松林D的平均值为0.933(中度连续),侧柏林树冠火蔓延的危险性大于油松林,一旦发生火灾,侧柏林比油松林更容易形成大面积高强度树冠火;D的主要影响因素是针叶树种树冠负荷量及其空间分布,以及风速和坡度及其协同作用。     

甜菜对不同施用部位磷种肥的吸收与利用

用P~(32)示踪法研究结果表明,甜菜在1～2片真叶期已开始吸收磷肥。至叶丛繁茂期,单株绝对吸磷量和对磷肥利用率均明显增高,但单株相对含磷量却明显降低;磷肥施到距种子2、4cm以下可显著提高甜菜对磷肥的利用率。至7月中旬利用率分别达4％和7.9％,比种、肥混施分别提高60％和2倍;磷酸二铵做种肥,其分解产生的NH_4对甜菜有毒害作用,可降低出苗率、保苗率,也影响对磷肥的吸收利用。采用种、肥分层施可缓解和避免NH_4~ 对甜菜的伤害。     

分子标记在入侵植物研究中的应用

入侵植物给入侵地的生态系统造成了多重影响,而入侵生态学研究对探析入侵植物成功入侵的机制及其可持续控制具有重要的理论和实际意义。分子标记作为一种基于DNA水平的遗传分析技术,为解决入侵生态学研究的许多基本问题提供了很好的手段与平台。基于此,简要综述了分子标记技术在入侵植物遗传多样性分析、入侵机制及入侵模式探究等方面的应用研究进展。     

浅谈国内外农业网络远程培训体系对东南亚不发达国家和地区的借鉴

笔者通过对国际上主要国家和地区的网络远程培训，特别是有关农业技术在网络远程技术的支持下如何进行有效、快速的传递方面的研究，结合农业专家决策支持系统、农业电子商务、农业多媒体技术在农业生产实践中的应用等现代最先进的技术。探讨如何将这些最先进的实用技术传播手段在东南亚不发达地区进行实践与普及；如何充分利用信息技术发展我国与各国的现代农业网络远程教育合作。