磷肥和行距对两种草坪草种子产量和品质的影响

本试验运用二因素二次饮和Ｄ－最优设计，研究了磷肥和行距及其组合对草坪草多年生黑麦草和高羊茅种子产量和品质的影响。试验结果表明：磷肥和行距及其组合不但可以提高草坪草种子产量，而且可以改善草坪草种子品质，提高种子的发芽率、生长热和活力指数、磷肥和行距及其处理还可提高草坪草的每穗籽粒数、结实率和千粒重。     

黑麦草×苇状羊茅杂种后代非整倍体频率和植株性状分析

本试验于1989年在南京对多花黑麦草×苇状羊茅属间杂种后代三个群体染色体数目、整倍体与非整倍体频率及农艺特性进行了初步的研究。结果表明:杂种开放授粉一代(G_1)和二代(G_2)非整倍体频率较高,染色体数日差异较大;回交一代(BC_1)则反之。非整倍性对杂种后代生殖性状的影响较大。非整倍体植株种子产量性状较差,但越夏能力较强。CB_1和BG_2代整倍体与非整倍体植株越夏级别存在显著的差异。G_1与BC_1和G_2代越夏级别的显著差异主要与其整倍体植株越夏级别的高低有关。整倍体植株染色体数目与每穗小穗数和越夏级别之间存在显著正相关,而非整倍体则相关不显著。推测杂种后代非整倍体易保留苇状羊茅染色体,呈羊茅型或中间型,越夏能力较强。因此,它们可能是黑麦草高抗育种可资利用的中间材料。     

人工草地群落组成与土壤中速效氮磷的关系

通过对白三叶和多年生黑麦草生物量在上壤速效磷氛比例梯度上变化模式的分析，验证了Tilman的群落组成变化的矿质营养比例学说。“以两种牧草生物量分别对土壤速效磷和速效氮二元线性回归的结果表明：磷和氮分别是白三叶和多年生黑麦草生长的限制因子。由此，二者可实现在土壤营养元素上的生态位分化而得以在人工草地群落中共存。     

不同生长条件下内生真菌对多年生黑麦草生理特性的影响

本研究通过比较带内生真菌(E+)、不带内生真菌(E-)和混合(M)3个种群的多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)在田间自然条件和温室不同水分处理下生理指标的变化,以解释内生真菌在不同生长条件下对多年生黑麦草内部生理机制的影响。结果表明,在温室条件下,土壤含水量为田间最大持水量(field water content,FWC)的15%(干旱)和60%(水淹)时,内生真菌侵染显著(P0.05)提高了多年生黑麦草总叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性,同时降低了丙二醛含量和过氧化物酶活性,但在水分含量为45%FWC时,3个种群生理指标并无显著差异(P0.05);说明在胁迫条件下,内生真菌通过提高保护酶活性以增加寄主的抗逆性。在田间条件下,黑麦草叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性的变化趋势依次为E+ME-,丙二醛含量和过氧化物酶活性的变化趋势依次为E-ME+,表明在自然生长条件下,内生真菌仍然通过内部生理机制的改变促进寄主生长。     

Phosphorus in agricultural constructed wetland sediment is sparingly plant‐available

Agricultural constructed wetlands (CWs) are intended to retain sediment and phosphorus (P) carried off with runoff and drainage water. The accumulated sediment, with adsorbed P, is often advised to be recycled to agricultural land, but little is known about the fertilizer value of sediment‐associated P. This study examined the effects on P adsorption characteristics and P plant availability of mixing CW sediment into soil. Although the total P content in the sediment was approximately equal to that in catchment soil and the NaOH‐extractable P content was higher to that in catchment soil, in adsorption‐desorption tests sediment P solubility decreased and affinity for P increased with increasing addition rate of CW sediment to soil. Already the lowest sediment addition rate (12.5% of dry weight) decreased the equilibrium P concentration (EPC₀') by 60% on average compared to unamended catchment soil. In a greenhouse pot experiment, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) yield was largely unaffected by CW sediment application, but P uptake systematically decreased when the rate of sediment application to soil increased. When 12.5% dry weight of sediment was added, plant P uptake decreased by 6–50% in P‐unfertilized pots and by 6–17% in P‐fertilized pots (150 mg P kg⁻¹) compared with P uptake of ryegrass grown in unamended field soil. Our other results suggest that the plant availability of P in CW sediments is very low due to high clay content and high concentrations of aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) (hydr)oxides in the sediment. Thus, if applied to agricultural fields in large quantities, dredged CW sediment may impair crop P supply.     

Effects of Ozone on Growth of Seven Grass and One Clover Species

Abstract

Seven species of grass and one of red clover were grown at different ozone (O₃) concentrations for about five weeks in growth chambers located in a greenhouse. At an O₃ concentration of 55 compared with 10 nmol mol^?1 during 7 h day^?1 the shoot dry weight decreased by 45% in Phleum pratense, 28% in Dactylis glomerata and Poa pratensis, 23% in Festuca rubra and 16% in Festuca pratensis, while the effects on Agrostis tenuis were not significant. No effect was found at 25 compared with 10 nmol mol^?1O₃. Visible O₃ injury was observed in all six species at 55 nmol mol^?1 and this effect was generally well correlated with the effect on the dry weights. In another experiment no effect was found with O₃ concentrations of up to 62 nmol mol_?1 on Lolium perénne, while the dry weight in Trifolium pratense decreased by 30% at 59 compared with that at 6 nmol mol^?1.     

Differences in winter-hardening between phenotypes of Lolium perenne with contrasting water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations

Carbohydrates are essential for the winter-hardening of temperate grasses, affecting both rate of hardening and level of frost hardiness. The rate and extent of winter-hardening of contrasting phenotypes of two Lolium perenne cultivars targeted for differences in water-soluble carbohydrates concentration were quantified under controlled hardening conditions and standardized freeze testing. The phenotype with the lowest water-soluble carbohydrates concentration had a lower rate of hardening and tolerated less frost than the other phenotypes but the effect of water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations on the hardening processes levelled off at increasing water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations, indicating a threshold. Contrasting responses to freezing were found for survival and for potential for tillering and regrowth. Mortality was little affected by the higher test temperatures, while tillering was negatively affected, even at −5°C. Compensatory regrowth of tillers surviving the lower test temperatures partially compensated for the effects of loss of tillers on regrowth. The hardiest phenotypes had a rapid lowering of LT₅₀ during the first 3 d (−1·65°C d⁻¹), acquiring LT₅₀ values at −15°C or below in 10 d. The hypothesis that rate and maximum level of hardening increase with water-soluble carbohydrates concentrations in stubble is supported by the results.     

Enhancing Seed Germination Rate of Four Turfgrass Genera by Acid Treatments

Turfgrasses are commonly propagated by seeds. In some genera of turfgrasses, the presence of low germination percentage (GP) or rate is the main problem in seed propagation. The present investigation was undertaken to determine the best concentration and duration of sulphuric acid treatment for seeds of the following turfgrass genera: Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.; Festuca rubra L. var. rubra‘Shadow’; Lolium perenne L. ‘Barball’ and Poa pratensis L. ‘Merion’. In the first experiment, sulphuric acid was used with concentrations of 0 (control), 25, 50, 75 and 100 % for 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min. In the second experiment, effects of light/dark (16/8) or dark conditions on germination rates of different mentioned genera were investigated using the best specific acid treatments. Each treatment was replicated four times with 100 seeds per replicate kept in plastic Petri dishes. The results indicated that in Cynodon, using 50 % acid for 20–25 min had highest GP and mean daily germination (MDG) in light/dark; in Festuca, using 25 % acid for 15 min had highest GP and MDG in light/dark; in Lolium using 50 % acid for 10 min had highest MDG in dark and in Poa, using 50 % acid for 15–25 min had highest MDG in dark. Both Cynodon and Poa had the highest and Festuca had the lowest GPs. Cynodon and Festuca had the highest and lowest MDGs, respectively. This simple procedure, with considerable results, may be replaced to time-consuming and expensive methods such as seed priming.     

中国主要产区何首乌以二苯乙烯苷含量为指标的种质评价

采集我国几大主要产区的野生何首乌及部分栽培品，采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对其特征性成分2，3，5，4’-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷的含量进行测定，分析了6个野生居群和2个栽培居群以及同一居群同一生长环境不同年限的样品和同一居群同一年限在不同环境条件下生长的样品。实验结果表明：采自广西的一种何首乌药材原植物是何首乌的一个变种棱枝何首乌(P.multiflorum Thunb.var angulatum S.Y.Liu)，而且其中2，3，5，4’-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷含量较低；贵州、湖北居群2，3，5，4’-四羟基二苯乙烯-2一O—B—D-葡萄糖苷含量较高，四川、河南较低；另外还发现，种质的不同，年限的差异及不同环境是影响2，3，5，4’-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O—β—D-葡萄糖苷积累的重要因素。     

Testing the Efficiency of Pollination Bag Materials

Crossing bags manufactured from three grades of polyester and three types of paper bags were tested for their permeability to grass pollen. Bags were placed on L. perenne plants of known PGI isozyme genotype. Any pollen passing through the crossing bag and pollinating the plant was detected by assaying its progeny for PGI isozymes. The results obtained allowed differentiation of the various materials for their suitability for pollen proofing.