"长治"工程对三峡库区环境人口容量的影响

水土流失综合治理是提高水土流失地区环境人口容量的有效途径，以竣工的“长治”一期工程为例，在对三峡库区42个小流域进行系统分类的基础上，分别以粮食消费和价值消费作为人口消费标准，比较了三峡库区42个小流域治理前后的环境人口容量，以及小流域综合治理投资规模与环境人口容量的关系。研究结果表明，可将三峡库区小流域分为六类，每个小流域经过水土流失综合治理，环境人口容量均有明显提高，其中第四类小流域从提高环境人口容量的角度来看，合理的投资规模应为5．5万元／km^2左右。     

植被在坡面的不同位置对降雨产沙量影响

植被在坡面的不同位置,对坡面保持水土的作用是不同的。通过野外人工模拟降雨试验比较了在相同面积条件下,植被分别分布在坡面上部、中部和下部时,坡面降雨产沙量的差异。结果显示,对保土能力来说,坡下植被>坡中植被>坡上植被,而且这种差异在小雨强下更加明显。这充分说明,坡下部的植被在保护坡面土壤不被流失方面起着举足轻重的作用。因此保护好坡下部的植被可以有效地防止坡面水土流失。     

长江三峡花岗岩地区坡面产沙及沟道输沙规律

运用砂粒粒组分析方法，对长江三峡花岗岩地区下岸溪流域的坡面产沙及沟道输沙规律进行了研究。结果表明，〈２．００ｍｍ砂粒的累积含量松栎混交林和马尾松林地最多，荒草坡地居中，农坡地和梯田最少，农坡地和质量不高的梯田是花岗岩坡面侵蚀产沙的主要来源：坡面各级砂粒在沟道各断面都有分布，主沟道泥沙输移比接近于１。     

高寒地区建立节能保温畜舍的初步研究

针对北方寒冷地区的气候特点和畜舍现状，采取合理的技术措施，改善畜舍冬季的饲养环境，使家畜在适宜的环境条件下，常年均衡生长、发育，使养畜获得良好的经济效益。     

沟垄覆膜聚水改土耕作措施对小南瓜耗水特性和产量的影响

针对冀西北高原砂质栗钙土干旱、粗骨、土层薄等限制农业稳产和高产的障碍因子，该文通过田间试验，以稀植经济作物小南瓜为试材，研究了沟、垄不同覆膜方式和积聚不同厚度熟土(聚土)措施的聚水保墒与增产作用。结果表明：沟覆膜方式聚集降水和保蓄土壤水分的作用好于垄膜处理，收获后1 m土体贮水量比播前盈余56.79 mm。与垄膜处理相比，沟膜平均少耗水51.61 mm，水分利用效率平均高16.42 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2。垄膜条件下，聚土处理的产量差异达显著水平；沟膜条件下，聚土40 cm与60 cm处理产量差异不显著，以沟膜＋积聚40 cm厚度熟土＋N₆₀P₄₅处理产量最高，达到9812.5 kg/hm²。该技术可作为冀西北高原旱砂地农田提高作物产量和水分利用效率的一种种植模式。     

河北省温度和降水变化对农业的影响

利用京、津、冀区域内70个气象观测站点自建站至2000年的气象观测资料,以温度和降水作为主要因子,重点分析了河北省平均温度、降水量的时空分布、年际和年代际变化。结果表明:随着全球气候变暖,河北省20世纪90年代的温度升高了0.8~1.2℃,平均每10年升高0.4℃;年降水量减少了87mm,平均每10年减少21mm。气候变化使冬小麦各生育期均有所提前,冬小麦种植北界到90年代延伸到了41°N以北,和50年代相比向北推移了30~50km。     

不同类型农户土地投入行为差异研究

选择黄土高原沟壑区的典型代表-王东沟小流域为研究对象，通过对大量农户的调查，从户主文化水平、年龄、非农率等方面对农户进行了分类，并分析了不同类型农户对耕地和园地的投入差异。结果显示不同类型农户问不管是在土地投入结构还是投入总量上都有较明显的差异，说明不同类型农户对土地的投入偏好是不同的。     

Human-predator-prey conflicts: ecological correlates, prey losses and patterns of management

Conflicts between humans and predators are the product of socio-economic and political landscapes and are particularly controversial because the resources concerned have economic value and the predators involved are high profile and often legally protected. We surveyed the current literature for information on ecological and social factors common to human-predator-prey conflicts. We used this information to examine whether losses to predators and patterns of investment in husbandry could be linked to these factors. We found that livestock losses to predators were low and were negatively associated with net primary productivity and predator home range sizes, but were not affected by predator density, methods of husbandry or human population density. While there was no effect of husbandry on losses, variation in husbandry was explained by net primary productivity, predator density and percentage of stock killed by predators. Inconsistent and sparse data across conflicts may have limited our ability to identify important factors and resolve patterns, and suggests that there is no reliable or consistent framework for assessing and managing human-predator conflicts that involve game and livestock species. Our approach highlights the type of data that could be very informative to management if collected across a range of cases and habitats.     

Correcting molybdenum deficiency of chickpea in the High Barind Tract of Bangladesh

A major limitation to chickpea grown on residual soil moisture after the harvest of rice in the High Barind Tract (HBT) of Bangladesh is acidic surface soil. A diagnostic trial conducted in the 2001/02 season showed that Mo was limiting growth and yield of chickpea. Multilocational on‐farm trials in the 2002/03 season established that Mo applied to the soil at 500 g ha^–1 improved nodulation and plant growth and resulted in grain‐yield responses of 58%–173%. In addition, we tested an application method suitable for resource‐poor farmers where Mo and Rhizobium were added in the seed‐priming process. Multilocational trials in farmers' fields in 2003/04 confirmed that this was as effective as soil application of Mo, giving yield responses of 37%–90%. In each of 2004/05 and 2005/06 seasons, 50 farmers implemented on‐farm evaluations of adding Mo + Rhizobium in the priming solution in operational scale plots (666 m²) across the HBT. Mean responses of up to 50%, compared to priming in water only, were obtained. These results suggest that the severe N deficiency of chickpea commonly observed in the HBT can be effectively alleviated by applying Mo and Rhizobium inoculum through a simple low‐cost technology within the scope of resource‐poor farmers.     

改进地面灌水技术设施的研究

地面灌溉是一种古老而又应用最广的灌水方法,世界上各国都十分重视改进地面灌水技术的研究。本文提出了二种新的改进地面灌水技术设施——麦棉套膜上灌和简易间歇灌研究结果,它们均具有节水增产、灌水速度快、灌水均匀和投资小的优点,并对此二种地面灌水方法的设施、控制运用和节水增产机理作了初步探讨。