H7N9亚型禽流感对辽宁省畜牧业的影响及其对策

禽流感已成为国际上广泛关注的公共卫生事件,因此,加强对流感状况的认识和了解将有助于人们有效地防控流感。本文对禽流感病毒的流行现状及对辽宁省畜牧业的影响进行综述,旨在为有效防制禽流感提供理论依据。     

Tracking the Trade in Ornamental Coral Reef Organisms: The Importance of CITES and its Limitations

The extraction of coral reef organisms for the aquarium and curio trade is reported to be contributing to coral reef degradation. The total international trade and associated impacts are unknown, because data are collected only for organisms listed on Appendix II of CITES, which include stony corals, antipatharians and giant clams. CITES data indicate that trade in live stony coral and reef substrate (live rock) increased by 15–30% each year during the 1990s, with most exports since 1992 from Indonesia and Fiji. Overall, 19% of all stony coral traded (by item) from 1985 to 1997 was live; 71kern-1pt% of this was traded between 1993 and 1997 (52% of total trade). Although tracking trade using information from the CITES Trade Database provides limited information (e.g., coral is reported to genus, and volume is reported by item or weight), the CITES mechanism promotes the development of strategies to protect resources. In response to CITES requirements, Indonesia developed a management plan for sustainable harvest of corals, but not for non-CITES listed species such as soft corals and fishes. Trade in hard and soft coral provides revenue for developing countries; however, in order to be of lasting value the industry must be developed with a conservation ethic. This requires support for international programs such as CITES, management plans for sustainable harvest, and improved enforcement.     

Feeding habits of albacore Thunnus alalunga in the transition region of the central North Pacific

ABSTRACT:   The feeding habits of albacore Thunnus alalunga (fork length: 48.9–76.2 cm, n  = 132) were examined from late spring to early autumn in relation to its northward migration in the transition region between the subtropical and subarctic fronts in the central North Pacific. Samples were collected at night using surface gill nets or during daytime pole-and-line surveys in 2001 and 2002. During May and June, albacore fed mainly on Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus , which accounted for 27.2%, 67.0%, and 45.5% of the total stomach contents by number ( Cn ), wet weight ( WW ), and frequency of occurrence ( F ), respectively, and secondarily on the subarctic gonatid squid Gonatopsis borealis ( Cn , 15.8%; WW , 10.8%; F , 28.8%). From July to September, albacore continued to depend on Japanese anchovy ( Cn , 48.2–52.8%; WW , 79.9–95.2%; F , 27.8–85.4%). These results corresponded well with the remarkable rebound of the Japanese anchovy stock since the 1990s. Gonatopsis borealis , the main squid prey from May to June, almost disappeared from the stomachs of albacore from July to September, probably due to the northward migration of this squid to subarctic waters in summer. The feeding impact of albacore on the Japanese anchovy stock in the transition region was conservatively estimated to be from 1400 to 2100 tons per day from late spring to early autumn.     

杂交鲇及亲本胚后生长及卵黄吸收方式的比较

利用形态学和组织连续切片技术,对杂交鲇及亲本怀头鲇和鲇胚后生长及卵黄的吸引方式进行比较。结果表明:(1)在相同条件下上述鲇鱼生长速度有明显不同,其中,怀头鲇的生长速度较鲇鱼快,而杂交鲇介于二者之间;(2)仔鱼对卵黄的日净消耗量最大值出现在出膜后第1天,体长最大增长率出现在出膜后的第2天;(3)仔鱼出膜后第3天,卵黄全部吸引;(4)卵黄囊依照先卵黄球、后脂肪的顺序被吸收,三种鲇鱼卵黄吸收方式有所不同。其中,怀头鲇和杂交鲇卵黄吸收是由内向外,而鲇采用的是由外向内的吸收方式。     

Biochar composites: Emerging trends,field successes and sustainability implications

Engineered biochars are promising candidates in a wide range of environmental applications, including soil fertility improvement, contaminant immobilization, wastewater treatment and in situ carbon sequestration. This review provides a systematic classification of these novel biochar composites and identifies the promising future trends in composite research and application. It is proposed that metals, minerals, layered double hydroxides, carbonaceous nanomaterials and microorganisms enhance the performances of biochars via distinct mechanisms. In this review, four novel trends are identified and assessed critically. Firstly, facile synthesis methods, in particular ball milling and co-pyrolysis, have emerged as popular composite fabrication strategies that are suitable for large-scale applications. Secondly, biochar modification with green materials, such as natural clay minerals and microorganisms, align well with the on-going green and sustainable remediation (GSR) movement. Furthermore, new applications in soil health improvement and climate change mitigation support the realization of United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Finally, the importance of field studies is getting more attention, since evidence of field success is critically needed before large-scale applications.     

滨海盐碱地不同改良年限土壤理化性质的变化特征

为了研究滨海盐碱地改良效果的可持续年限,选择利用“原土直栽绿化综合改良模式”改良的滨海盐碱地为研究对象,采用空间代替时间的方法,通过对不同改良年限滨海盐碱地的土壤容重、总孔隙度、机械组成、全盐含量、有机质、碱解氮和速效磷的分析,研究了滨海盐碱地不同改良年限土壤理化性质的变化特征。结果表明:盐碱地改良后,对土壤物理性质的改良效果随土层深度的增加逐渐减弱,随改良年限的增加,土壤质地无明显变化,0—20 cm土层土壤容重降低,总孔隙度升高,20—40 cm和40—60 cm土层土壤容重先降低后升高,总孔隙度先升高后降低; 3个土层化学性质变化趋势基本一致,随着改良年限的增加,土壤全盐含量先降低后升高,有机质,碱解氮和速效磷含量先升高后降低。总体来说,原土改良模式对滨海盐碱地土壤的改良效果在5年达到最优,11年时土壤的物理化学性质基本上都比未改良的盐碱地好。     

施氮和拔节期测墒补灌对冬小麦产量和氮素吸收的影响(英文)

[目的]研究施氮量和拔节期不同测墒补灌量对冬小麦的产量及构成因子、植株氮素吸收的影响。[方法]采用土壤目标相对含水量和施氮量3×3完全均衡方案和裂区设计,土壤目标相对含水量设3个水平,分别为拔节期60%(W1)、70%(W2)和80%(W3),施氮量设3个水平,分别为施纯氮0 kg/hm2(N0)、195 kg/hm2(N195)和255 kg/hm2(N255),以周麦18为供试材料。[结果]拔节期测墒补灌和施氮对小麦产量及其构成因子、植株氮素积累量均有显著或极显著影响。补灌量和施氮量对穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、产量和植株氮积累量的交互效应均达显著或极显著水平,在不同水氮处理组合中,以W2N195产量最高,而以W1N255产量最低。[结论]随着补灌量的增加,相应地降低氮肥用量有利于增加穗数、穗粒数、产量和植株氮素积累量,降低施氮对千粒重的负效应。     

规模畜禽场臭气防治研究进展

为了防治规模化畜禽场臭气污染,通过查阅大量文献对畜禽养殖场臭气来源、除臭技术方法等方面的研究进展进行了综述。进一步分析了臭气防治技术研究的趋势,并展望了未来的发展方向,以期为规模畜禽场臭气防治研究提供参考。     

上栗县稻纵卷叶螟用药药效评价

[目的]筛选适合上栗县使用的稻纵卷叶螟的防治药剂.[方法]通过大田试验研究了5种高效、低毒药剂对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果及对作物的安全性.[结果]药后14 d,15％茚虫威悬乳剂225 g/hm2、4％甲维·氟铃脲微乳剂750 ml/hm2、20％氯虫苯甲酰胺悬乳剂150 ml/hm2和1％甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油1 500 ml/hm2对稻纵卷叶螟的杀虫和保叶效果均在80％以上,且对水稻生长安全,可在生产上大面积推广并轮换使用;1.8％阿维菌素乳油对稻纵卷叶螟的杀虫效果稍差,已在当地产生抗药性.[结论]为水稻安全生产及科学用药提供了参考.     

碧江区城市居民对主要畜禽水产品食品安全满意度调查

在碧江区市区范围采用多层随机抽样方法调查居民对主要畜禽水产品食品安全满意度.结果得出,居民对主要畜禽水产品食品安全的关注度较高（86.75％）,但满意度较低,多数处于一般满意（66.00％）;居民对不安全食品的维权意识薄弱,仅有14.75％的居民选择投诉举报;46.00％的居民认为保障食品安全最重要的措施是严格监督管理.因此可知,碧江区城市居民对主要畜禽水产品食品安全关注度越来越高,但是满意度较低.