社区治理:对“社区失灵”的理论与实践的思考

在社区的公共管理过程中，常常出现管理”失灵”的现象。造成”社区失灵”的原因是多方而的，其危害也是不一而足的。木文从理论和实证的角度，分析了”社区失灵”的表现、成因和后果。文章认为，矫正”社区失灵”的选择是实施社区治理，因为当前的”社区失灵”主要是由于社区治理的不到位。文章并据此提出了针对性的对策。     

鼠急性肾功能衰竭时血浆心钠素动态变化及其与肾功能的关系

用顺铂（ＣＰ）复制大鼠急性肾功能衰竭动物模型，动态观察急性肾功能衰竭各阶段的血浆心钠素（ＰＡＮＰ）变化及其与肾功能的关系。在采用ＣＰ处理后２４ｈ和７２ｈ，血清肌酐分别升高为正常对照组的１．５和４倍，同时血浆心钠素水平升高到１．８和３．６倍。血浆ｃＧＭＰ水平也与血浆心钠素水平一道平行升高。这表明血浆心钠素水平的变化与肾功能损害程度密切相关。     

Cholangiocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Stratified Epithelial Portion of the Stomach in a Horse: A Case Report

Both cholangiocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach stratified squamous epithelial portion are rarely found in equine medicine despite being more common in human beings, dogs, and cats. The objective of the present article was to report the simultaneous occurrences of these two types of neoplasias in an 11-year-old mare. Numerous firm, whitish nodules were distributed throughout the liver parenchyma and those protruding over its surface were umbilicated in their appearance. It was verified that the nodules adhered to the peritoneum and omentum, diaphragm, spleen, and stomach serosa compressed the adjacent structures. The stomach stratified squamous epithelial portion, particularly originating in the margo plicatus toward the cardia, was covered by numerous smooth, whitish spherules. Microscopic examination allowed the liver, tumor, and the abdominal implants to be identified as a cholangiocarcinoma, and the stomach neoplasia as a carcinoma of its stratified squamous epithelial portion. Considering this as an uncommon finding, although when considered individually, the presence of a cholangiocarcinoma and a squamous cell carcinoma of the stratified squamous epithelial portion of the equine stomach in the same specimen is worthy of reporting.     

Variation in the expression of Hsp27, αB-crystallin mRNA and protein in heart and liver of pigs exposed to different transport times

Twenty pigs were randomly divided into four groups of five pigs each (not transported – control, 1, 2 and 4 h of transportation). A significant increase of ALT, AST and CK in the blood serum and acute parenchyma cell lesions were observed and those were characterized by acute degenerations in the heart and liver. Hsp27 expression levels increased significantly in the heart after 2 h and in the liver after 4 h of transportation, accompanying with the hsp27 mRNA increasing significantly in the heart and liver after 1 h of transportation. αB-crystallin expression levels were fluctuant (not significantly) in the heart and liver during transporting, however, αB-crystallin mRNA increase notably in the heart after 1 h and decrease significantly in the liver at 1 and 2 h of transportation, respectively. In conclusion, the cellular damage to the heart and liver is highest after 1 h of transportation, Hsp27 and αB-crystallin play dissimilar roles and show tissue-specific response in different tissues during transportation.     

The effect of noncardiac disease on plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration in dogs

Objective – To evaluate the effects of noncardiac disease on c‐terminal brain natriuretic peptide (cBNP) concentrations in dogs. Design – Prospective observational study. Setting – Urban university veterinary hospital. Animals – Thirty‐eight apparently healthy dogs, 28 dogs with cardiac disease (14 CHF, 14 non‐CHF), and 81 dogs with primary noncardiac diseases. Interventions – none. Materials and Methods – Plasma was collected from each dog and analyzed for active (cBNP) B‐type natriuretic peptide using an assay that is being investigated for commercial use (Biosite). Measurements and Main Results – Dogs with CHF had significantly higher plasma cBNP concentrations than dogs with subclinical cardiac disease, apparently healthy dogs, or dogs with primary noncardiac disease. However, 21% (28/133) of dogs without CHF (including healthy dogs, dogs with primary noncardiac disease, and dogs with subclinical cardiac disease) had cBNP concentrations above previously identified diagnostic thresholds for CHF, reiterating the importance of reestablishing new diagnostic cutoffs when considering comorbidities affecting B‐type natriuretic peptide levels. Conclusions – A clinically relevant proportion of nondyspneic dogs with primary noncardiac diseases have increased cBNP concentrations that exceed previously identified diagnostic thresholds, potentially limiting the ability of this test to identify CHF when noncardiac comorbidities exist. Interpretation of increased cBNP concentrations in such cases must be appropriately interpreted with further diagnostic investigation.