2022年度国家自然科学基金土壤学项目受理与资助分析

本文分析了2022年度国家自然科学基金土壤学的项目受理与资助情况,以环境地球科学学科土壤学有关的D0701环境土壤学、D0709基础土壤学、D0710土壤侵蚀与土壤肥力等三个二级申请代码为重点,对面上、青年科学基金、地区科学基金、国家杰出青年科学基金、优秀青年科学基金和重点等类别的项目的申请、受理、评议、资助立项、研究队伍、分类属性、关键词数据云等方面进行了统计与分析,旨在为今后的相关申请提供参考。     

徐州泉山自然保护区人工林下土壤容重与孔隙度时空变化研究

通过对设于泉山自然保护区人工侧柏林与刺槐林的4块测试样地的土壤容重进行测定,同时与裸地进行对比,结果表明,该保护区人工林下土壤容重与孔隙度随时间无确定的变化规律;而在人工林下土壤空间结构变化规律明显：不管在任何时间段,均表现出该土壤容重随土层深度增加而逐渐增大,土壤孔隙度随土层深度增加而逐渐减小的规律,并且侧柏林改变土壤容重的作用大于刺槐林。另外,该土壤容重均小于裸地,人工林通过腐殖质作用能够降低土壤容重,使其土壤通透性及保肥能力较好。     

广西十万大山自然保护区外来植物的初步研究

十万大山地处北热带山地,有着丰富的生物多样性,但定居的外来种在不断增多,有的外来种成了入侵种,如飞机草等,给该自然保护区带来了严重威胁。通过实地调查以及查证文献,全面整理了十万大山国家级自然保护区的外来植物,并分析了外来种的类型、原产地、引种原因及引入途径,确认：①迄今为止共计99种（含亚种）外来植物,隶属于38科83属,其中菊科最多（10种）,占10．1％,其次为禾本科（6种）,占6．1％;②栽培种56种,逸生种20种,入侵种23种,分别占56．6％、20．2％和23．2％;③外来植物的原产地主要是热带美洲（有54种,占54．5％）,其次是印度（10种）、非洲（9种）和地中海地区（7种）;④人为有意引入有87种,占87．9％。最后对保护区内外来植物的危害预测和防治策略做了分析。     

Conservation planning with dynamic threats: The role of spatial design and priority setting for species’ persistence

Conservation actions frequently need to be scheduled because both funding and implementation capacity are limited. Two approaches to scheduling are possible. Maximizing gain (MaxGain) which attempts to maximize representation with protected areas, or minimizing loss (MinLoss) which attempts to minimize total loss both inside and outside protected areas. Conservation planners also choose between setting priorities based solely on biodiversity pattern and considering surrogates for biodiversity processes such as connectivity. We address both biodiversity processes and habitat loss in a scheduling framework by comparing four different prioritization strategies defined by MaxGain and MinLoss applied to biodiversity patterns and processes to solve the dynamic area selection problem with variable area cost. We compared each strategy by estimating predicted species’ occurrences within a landscape after 20 years of incremental reservation and loss of habitat. By incorporating species-specific responses to fragmentation, we found that you could improve the performance of conservation strategies. MinLoss was the best approach for conserving both biodiversity pattern and process. However, due to the spatial autocorrelation of habitat loss, reserves selected with this approach tended to become more isolated through time; losing up to 40% of occurrences of edge-sensitive species. Additionally, because of the positive correlation between threats and land cost, reserve networks designed with this approach contained smaller and fewer reserves compared with networks designed with a MaxGain approach. We suggest a possible way to account for the negative effect of fragmentation by considering both local and neighbourhood vulnerability to habitat loss.     

Soil texture affects soil microbial and structural recovery during grassland restoration

Many biotic and abiotic factors influence recovery of soil communities following prolonged disturbance. We investigated the role of soil texture in the recovery of soil microbial community structure and changes in microbial stress, as indexed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles, using two chronosequences of grasslands restored from 0 to 19 years on silty clay loam and loamy fine sand soils in Nebraska, USA. All restorations were formerly cultivated fields seeded to native warm-season grasses through the USDA’s Conservation Reserve Program. Increases in many PLFA concentrations occurred across the silty clay loam chronosequence including total PLFA biomass, richness, fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and actinomycetes. Ratios of saturated:monounsaturated and iso:anteiso PLFAs decreased across the silty clay loam chronosequence indicating reduction in nutrient stress of the microbial community as grassland established. Multivariate analysis of entire PLFA profiles across the silty clay loam chronosequence showed recovery of microbial community structure on the trajectory toward native prairie. Conversely, no microbial groups exhibited a directional change across the loamy fine sand chronosequence. Changes in soil structure were also only observed across the silty clay loam chronosequence. Aggregate mean weighted diameter (MWD) exhibited an exponential rise to maximum resulting from an exponential rise to maximum in the proportion of large macroaggregates (>2000 μm) and exponential decay in microaggregates (<250 μm and >53 μm) and the silt and clay fraction (<53 μm). Across both chronosequences, MWD was highly correlated with total PLFA biomass and the biomass of many microbial groups. Strong correlations between many PLFA groups and the MWD of aggregates underscore the interdependence between the recovery of soil microbial communities and soil structure that may explain more variation than time for some soils (i.e., loamy fine sand). This study demonstrates that soil microbial responses to grassland restoration are modulated by soil texture with implications for estimating the true capacity of restoration efforts to rehabilitate ecosystem functions.     

2021年度国家自然科学基金农学基础与作物学学科项目申请、评审与资助情况分析

为持续推进科学基金改革,促进学科均衡、协调和可持续发展,分析了国家自然科学基金农学基础与作物学学科2021年度新申请代码下的项目申请、评审与资助情况及基于4类科学问题属性的分类申请与资助情况等,提出了项目申请存在的主要问题和建议.     

南岭国家级自然保护区种子植物区系分析

报道了南岭国家级自然保护区种子植物区系的组成与特点。调查结果表明,该区系的种类丰富,计有种子植物１７５科８２２属２２９２种,其中裸子植物９科２０属３０种,被子植物１６６科８０２属２２６２种。区系的地理成分复杂,具有中国１５个种子分布区类型的１４个,世界其它地区的植物成分均有一定联系,其中热带成分占明显优势,同时也受到温带成分较强烈的影响,有３３个中国特有分布属。本区系具有源远源流长的发生发展历史,     

陕西牛背梁国家级自然保护区珍稀濒危保护植物研究

采取线路、样地相结合的方法,对陕西牛背梁国家级自然保护区的珍稀濒危保护植物进行了调查.结果表明:该区分布有11种国家级珍稀濒危保护植物;并发现了羽叶丁香(Syringa pinnatifolia)、星叶草(Circaeaster a grestis)等在我省的新分布点;分析了其保护价值、生物学生态学特性、现状等,在此基础上提出了保护措施和建议.     

基于AutoCAD的数字化植被图制作方法

以1／10000的车八岭地形图底图为基础，基于AutoCAD制作了车八岭国家级自然保护区的植被景观生态旅游图．在此基础上归纳出基于AutoCAD制作数字化植被图的一般方法，并探讨了关键的技术问题.     

湖北九宫山香果树群落结构特征研究

根据野外调查的样地资料，分析了九宫山自然保护区香果树群落的结构特征。结果表明：该群落属不稳定型群落，具有次生性质，香果树种群具有退化的趋势，需要人为干预加以保护。