猴头菌不同生长发育期粗蛋白、粗多糖含量及水溶性粗多糖体外免疫活性

测定猴头菌(Hericium erinaceus)华中猴头菌株不同生长发育期子实体中的粗蛋白、粗多糖和水溶性粗多糖中β-葡聚糖含量,并研究不同生长发育期子实体粗多糖体外刺激巨噬细胞产生NO的活性变化规律.结果表明,供试菌株不同生长发育期子实体的粗蛋白、粗多糖和β-葡聚糖含量以及粗多糖体外刺激巨噬细胞产生NO的活性均存在显著或极显著差异,随着生长发育的进行,猴头菌子实体中粗蛋白含量总体上呈下降的趋势(小菌剌期比前一时期有所增加),而多糖含量则总体呈上升趋势(小菌刺期比后一时期高),β-葡聚糖含量呈先快速上升后平稳的趋势;分裂期粗多糖在浓度500 μg/mL时对RAW264.7释放NO的促进作用较强.     

青蒿素与青蒿水提液对感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫肉鸡的疗效评价

为评价青蒿素和青蒿水提液抗球虫的效果,选择体重相近20日龄黄羽肉鸡120只,随机分为健康组,病理组,青蒿组和青蒿素组4组.测定血清中一氧化氮(NO)和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)含量.结果表明,病理组抗球虫指数为52.7,青蒿组为172.6,青蒿素组为145.4;青蒿和青蒿素能够降低血清中NO和NOS含量.说明青蒿水提液和青...     

杂交稻和常规稻生育后期对NO_3~——N和NH_4~+-N的营养效应

利用~(15)N示踪技术研究了杂交稻和常规稻生育后期对不同N源的营养效应。结果表明,杂交稻对抽穗前追施的NO_3~--N的利用率比常规稻高7.8％,回收率高13.2％:追施NH_4~+-N时,杂交稻的N肥利用率比常规稻高6.1％,回收率高14.5％肥源之间比较,收获期NH_4~+-N的利用率和回收率都高于NO_3~--N。肥料N在穗中的分配率,杂交稻比常规稻大15.7—20.2％,但NO_3~--N与NH_4~--N处理间无明显差异。试验结果还表明,抽穗前追施NO_3~--N比追施NH_4~--N能更明显地促进水稻对Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)的吸收,刺激浮根的生长,增加稻谷产量,而且杂交稻的这些效应大于常规稻。     

基于化学动力学的生物质颗粒燃烧排放NO特性模拟与验证

为研究生物质颗粒燃料燃烧NO排放规律及其生成机理,采用CFD和Chem Kin联合仿真,建立试验锅炉燃烧筒CFD网络模型,应用Chem Kin接口导入简化的17组分58基元反应机理,建立Chem Kin-PSR反应模拟网络,选用Reaction Design C2_NOx详细机理,对棉秆、玉米秸秆、木质3种生物质颗粒NO排放进行模拟。结果表明,NO生成量:棉秆玉米秸秆木质;NO排放量随过量空气系数的增加先增大后减小,在过量空气系数为1.7附近达到峰值。将模拟结果与试验结果进行比较,证明了模型和化学反应机理的正确性,为生物质燃料燃烧NO排放的预测与控制提供参考。     

施氮量和底追比例对小麦氮素利用和土壤硝态氮含量的影响

利用^15N同位素示踪技术研究了不同的施氮量和底追比例对小麦氮素利用和土壤硝态氮的影响。结果表明：底追比例均为5：5，处理2（纯氮施用量为168kg／hm^2）与处理1（纯氮施用量为240kg／hm^2）比较，处理2成熟期植株中土壤氮素的积累量，肥料氮的利用率均高于处理1的，但处理2的土壤硝态氮含量低；籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和面团稳定时间处理间无显著差异。纯氮施用量均为168kg／hm^2，氮肥全部用于拔节期追施的处理3与处理2比较，处理3成熟期植株中土壤氮素的积累量，籽粒蛋白质含量、面团稳定时间和0～40cm土层土壤硝态氮的含量均高于处理2的；肥料氮的利用率和籽粒产量处理间无显著差异。成熟期不同处理0～60cm土层土壤硝态氮含量均低于播种前，在60～80cm土层形成累积峰并高于播种前，但80cm以下层次与播前相比无明显差异。     

Cotton lint yield variability in a heterogeneous soil at a landscape scale

Landscape variability associated with topographic features affects the spatial pattern of soil water and N redistribution, and thus N uptake and crop yield. A landscape-scale study was conducted in a center pivot irrigated field on the southern High Plains of Texas in 1999 to assess soil water, soil NO₃-N, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) lint yield, and N uptake variability in the landscape, and to determine the spatial correlation between these landscape variables using a state-space approach. The treatments were irrigation at 50 and 75% cotton potential evapotranspiration (ET). Neutron access tubes were placed at a 15-m interval along a 710 m (50% ET) and 820 m (75% ET) transect across the field. Soil NO₃-N in early spring was autocorrelated at a distance varying between 60 and 80 m. Measured soil volumetric water content (WC), total N uptake, and lint yield were generally higher on lower landscape positions. Cotton lint yield was significantly correlated to soil WC (r=0.76), soil NO₃-N (r=0.35), and site elevation (r=−0.54). Differences of site elevation between local neighboring points explained the soil water, NO₃-N and lint yield variability at the micro-scale level in the landscape. Soil WC, cotton lint yield, N uptake, and clay content were crosscorrelated with site elevation across a lag distance of ±30–40 m. The state-space analysis showed that cotton lint yield was positively weighted on soil WC availability and negatively weighted on site elevation. Cotton lint yield state-space models give insights on the association of soil physical and chemical properties, lint yield, and landscape processes, and have the potential to improve water and N management at the landscape-scale.     

不同水氮措施对芹菜-白菜轮作体系中氮素利用与土壤NO_3~--N残留的影响

在宁夏引黄灌区灌淤土设置田间试验,研究不同水氮措施对芹菜-白菜轮作体系中的氮素利用与平衡的影响,结果表明:节水灌溉的W2N3(推荐施氮)处理与传统灌溉(W1N3)(推荐施氮)的处理相比,芹菜的产量、吸氮量分别高12.2%、14.7%,白菜的产量、吸氮量分别高22.4%、4.4%。在氮素平衡方面,推荐施氮处理氮素损失比传统施氮损失分别低53kghm-2(传统灌溉)、30kghm-2(节水灌溉)。节水条件下推荐施氮处理的土壤剖面上的无机氮残留浓度,减少量分别达到3～13kghm-2。节水灌溉下与传统灌溉相比,节水灌溉的土壤残留硝态氮的含量均比传统灌溉低,而且主要分布在0～60cm表层,推荐施氮量的土壤残留硝态氮的含量又比习惯施氮量低。     

Immediate and adaptational temperature effects on nitric oxide production and nitrous oxide release from nitrification and denitrification in two soils

 Nitrification and denitrification are, like all biological processes, influenced by temperature. We investigated temperature effects on N trace gas turnover by nitrification and denitrification in two soils under two experimental conditions. In the first approach ("temperature shift experiment") soil samples were preincubated at 25  °C and then exposed to gradually increasing temperatures (starting at 4  °C and finishing at 40–45  °C). Under these conditions the immediate effect of temperature change was assessed. In the second approach ("discrete temperature experiment") the soil samples were preincubated at different temperatures (4–35  °C) for 5 days and then tested at the same temperatures. The different experimental conditions affected the results of the study. In the temperature shift experiment the NO release increased steadily with increasing temperature in both soils. In the discrete temperature experiment, however, the production rates of NO and N₂O showed a minimum at intermediate temperatures (13–25  °C). In one of the soils (soil B9), the percent contribution of nitrification to NO production in the discrete temperature experiment reached a maximum (>95% contribution) at 25  °C. In the temperature shift experiment nitrification was always the dominant process for NO release and showed no systematic temperature dependency. In the second soil (soil B14), the percent contribution of nitrification to NO release decreased from 50 to 10% as the temperature was increased from 4  °C to 45  °C, but no differences were evident in the discrete temperature experiment. The N₂O production rates were measured in the discrete temperature experiment only. The contribution of nitrification to N₂O production in soil B9 was considerably higher at 25–35  °C (60–80% contribution) than at 4–13  °C (15–20% contribution). In soil B14 the contribution of nitrification to N₂O production was lowest at 4  °C. The effects of temperature on N trace gas turnover differed between the two soils and incubation conditions. The experimental set-up allowed us to distinguish between immediate effects of short-term changes in temperature on the process rates, and longer-term effects by which preincubation at a particular temperature presumably resulted in the adaptation of the soil microorganisms to this temperature. Both types of effects were important in regulating the release of NO and N₂O from soil. Received: 20 October 1998     

内源性NO在雏鸡球虫感染中的作用

以腹腔注射途径给予感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫 (E.tenella)雏鸡细菌脂多糖 (L PS)和地塞米松 (Dex) ,用铜离子活化镉还原法检测血清 NO- 2 水平 ,并通过测定 NBT阳性细胞百分率、雏鸡增重、免疫器官的脏器系数、OPG值以及盲肠病变记分等指标 ,探讨了 NO在雏鸡感染球虫过程中的作用。试验结果表明 ,与空白对照组相比 ,给予 L PS可使 NBT阳性细胞百分率明显升高 (P<0 .0 1) ,并使盲肠病变及球虫感染引起的增重下降有所减轻 ,这提示 L PS对雏鸡具一定的保护作用 ;而给予 Dex不仅降低了感染雏鸡血清 NO- 2 的水平、NBT阳性细胞百分率、增重和胸腺的脏器系数 ,还增加了 OPG值和盲肠病变记分 ,说明在雏鸡感染球虫过程中 ,Dex会减少 NO的生成 ,并使雏鸡抗球虫免疫力下降。     

NO合酶抑制剂 L-NAME和NO前体L-Arg对小鼠体内卵母细胞成熟的影响

摘要: 采用腹腔单独注射L-NAME(左旋硝基精氨酸甲基酯)或联合注射L-NAME和L-Arg, 取出卵母细胞体外观察，研究了NO对小鼠卵母细胞体内成熟的影响。结果表明,（1）单独注射5、10、20 mg / kg体重L-NAME均能显著抑制卵母细胞第一极体的释放(P <0.01)，尤以10 mg / kg 体重L-NAME组作用最为明显, 各剂量组对生发泡的破裂均无影响(P >0.05)；（2）10 mg / kg 体重L-NAME对卵母细胞成熟的抑制作用能被同时注射的100 mg / kg 或200 mg /kg 体重L-Arg逆转，其中以200 mg / kg体重作用最为明显;（3）L-NAME对卵母细胞畸形率的影响和培养时间有关，而对卵母细胞的存活率没有统计学影响。实验结果证明NO参与了小鼠卵母细胞的体内成熟调控。