生物炭及炭基氮肥对土壤持水性能影响的研究

为了探明生物炭及生物炭基氮肥对土壤水分特征的影响,笔者采用实验室土柱入渗、水分特征曲线法测定了混入不同量生物炭材料、生物炭基氮肥土样的水分入渗率、水分吸持力等有关数值。结果表明：随着生物炭材料、生物炭基氮肥混入量的增多,2种土壤垂直土柱水分入渗率均逐渐减小;在水势相同情况下,与对照相比,混入量越大,土壤可保持的水分越多,但这种增加效应是有限度的,超过一定混入量（80 t/hm2）反而会降低土壤持水量;不同生物炭基氮肥对同一土壤及同一生物炭基氮肥对不同质地土壤持水容量的影响均存在差异。因此,在田间实际应用中,生物炭基氮肥对土壤水分特征的影响取决于生物炭基肥料的性质或特征、施用量及土壤质地等因素。     

可视化编程技术在发动机外特性曲线绘制中的应用

通过对汽车发动机外特性的理论分析,在处理汽车发动机外特性曲线时,建立了一种适合处理发动机外特性曲线的三次样条函数拟合的数学模型,在C Builder可视化开发平台上,编制了汽车发动机外特性曲线绘制程序.利用三次样条函数插值法对实验数据进行拟合,实现了发动机外特性曲线绘制的自动化.     

Rehabilitation of degraded dry heather [Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull] moorland by controlled sheep grazing

Many areas of heathland in Europe have seen a decline in the area and condition of Calluna vulgaris (heather)-dominated vegetation, with subsequent declines in the associated faunal interest. Grazing, alongside burning, is still the predominant means of managing heathland vegetation, and, therefore, it is by manipulating this management that cost-effective improvements in vegetation condition can be made. This paper investigates the suitability of different grazing treatments for rehabilitating degraded ‘dry heath’. Treatments varied in the intensity (0-1.9 sheep ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) and timing (summer vs. winter) of sheep grazing. These treatments were compared with the behaviour of vegetation outside the fenced area kept under the previous management (open access all year round). As rabbits were common on the site, fences were erected to prevent access to the sheep grazed plots. Vegetation composition remained stable outside the fenced area, whilst all the fenced treatments showed a decrease in heather utilisation and an increase in the relative frequency of heather over the 5 years of the experiment. The increase was in proportion to the reduction in stocking rate, with only slow increases in relative frequency observed in the high grazing treatments (winter and summer). Other species that benefited from reducing grazing included Empetrum nigrum and Vaccinium myrtillus, whilst declines were observed for Agrostis capillaris and total monocotyledonous species. Only small overall differences were observed between the winter low, summer low and no sheep grazing treatments. However, a difference in response was present between the sheep exclosures and the sheep+rabbit exclosures, indicating that rabbits were having a noticeable effect on heather recovery at this site. On this degraded ‘dry heath’ system, imposing a reduction in stocking density improved the condition of the dwarf shrubs present and reduced the grass component of the vegetation. There was little effect of the timing of grazing, such that a reduction in sheep numbers to 0.8/0.9 sheep ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, to give utilisation levels of below 20%, can achieve the desired result of improving vegetation condition whilst still achieving some economic return from grazing. However, the wide range of ‘sustainable’ stocking densities for different heathland systems highlights the need to base effective management on measured utilisation rather than on stock numbers.     

哺乳母猪钙磷营养研究进展

对20年来哺乳母猪钙磷需要及其相关方面的研究进展作了全面综述.包括哺乳母猪钙磷需要的建立,对钙磷需要的探讨,钙磷的吸收和代谢,钙磷的生物效价,钙磷比例问题,母猪钙磷缺乏症,影响钙磷需要的因素.     

Profiling indoor plants for the amelioration of high CO2 concentrations

Research over the last three decades has shown that indoor plants can reduce most types of urban air pollutants, however there has been limited investigation of their capacity to mitigate elevated levels of CO₂. This study profiled the CO₂ removal potential of eight common indoor plant species, acclimatised to both indoor and glasshouse lighting levels, to develop baseline data to facilitate the development of indoor plant installations to improve indoor air quality by reducing excess CO₂ concentrations. The results indicate that, with the appropriate choice of indoor plant species and a targeted increase in plant specific lighting, plantscape installations could be developed to remove a proportion of indoor CO₂. Further horticultural research and development will be required to develop optimum systems for such installations, which could potentially reduce the load on ventilation systems.     

Daily rhythmicity in nutrient content of asinine milk

Asinine (donkey) milk has been proposed as an alternative to bovine (cow) milk for consumption by human infants who are allergic to bovine milk proteins. To expand the current knowledge of asinine lactation, we investigated daily rhythmicity in the concentration of major constituents of asinine milk. We observed no daily rhythmicity in somatic cell count and pH but observed robust rhythmicity in lipid, lactose, and protein content (robustness greater than 70%, p < 0.01). Lipid and lactose content peaked during the night, whereas protein content peaked during the day. Lipid content of asinine milk was lower than that of human milk, and asinine milk resembled human milk better than bovine milk regarding sugar and protein content.     

Using visual-based social norm methods to understand distance-related human–wildlife interactions

Distance-related human–wildlife interactions are a challenge in diverse settings across the globe. However, few methodological approaches have been proposed to explore the issue of distance in human dimensions research. Drawing from previous research related to crowding, noise pollution, and other visitor experience concepts, this methodological article describes a novel visual-based social norm method for evaluating distance-related human–wildlife interactions. We discuss the process of constructing the tools, the field testing of the techniques in Yellowstone National Park, and reflect on the methodological approach. From these methods, practitioners can gain information about distance thresholds of visitors in relation to wildlife viewing and potentially help identify deviant groups of visitors. Future research directions include pre-post research designs, controlled experiments, and belief evaluations for improving communications.     

图像与L系统相结合的柑橘叶片形态特征重构研究

为了快速、逼真、有效地描述植物叶片的外在形态特征,提出了一种基于图像与L系统相结合的柑橘叶片形态重构的方法。该方法利用边缘检测的方法提取柑橘叶片的边缘以及叶脉的分布特征,以Harris计算与叶脉相关的特征点。最后用L系统和B样条曲线对柑橘叶片形态进行重构。通过实验表明,该方法能够快速、有效地描述出柑橘叶片的形态,降低柑橘叶片模型构建的复杂度。     

田间密植诱导抽穗期玉米叶片衰老时的光合作用机制

为理解田间密植是否诱导抽穗期玉米叶片衰老以及衰老叶片的光合作用规律和机制,本研究以玉米"先玉335"为材料研究了抽穗期栽培密度对穗位叶和穗下第4叶的光环境、比叶重、氮素含量、叶绿素含量、气体交换以及叶绿素荧光诱导动力学的影响。结果表明,随着密度的增加玉米冠层内的光强大幅降低,尤其穗下第4叶;穗位叶和穗下第4叶的比叶重降低。同时,穗位叶和穗下第4叶的氮素含量和叶绿素含量均随栽培密度增加而下降。不同栽培密度下穗位叶荧光诱导动力学曲线(OJIP)未发生明显改变,而高密度下穗下第4叶OJIP的J和I相的相对荧光产量较低密度有提高趋势。高密度下,穗位叶和穗下第4叶叶片的光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均降低;不过,穗位叶胞间CO2浓度降低,穗下第4叶胞间CO2浓度增加。我们认为,田间密植条件下异质性光环境可以迅速诱导抽穗期玉米冠层下部叶片(如穗下第4叶)衰老;该过程中,光合作用的限制因素不是光能吸收和电子传递,而可能是碳同化。     

实码加速遗传算法在天然河道水面线计算中的应用

传统的计算天然河道水面线的方法是试算法,迭代法和图解法等,这些方法的缺点是计算量大、精度不高,无法控制全河段误差,将其看作是全河段总计算误差,即一复杂非线性优化最小问题,运用实数编码的加速遗传算法求解天然河道水面线。并与传统的方法相比较,证明该方法具有计算收敛速度快、结果可靠、精度高等优点。