Growth, slaughter performance and feeding behaviour of young bulls belonging to three native cattle breeds raised in the Alps

Most studies on lactation curves only consider milk yield and describe a standard lactation curve of dairy cows, showing a peak or maximum daily yield occurring between 4 and 8 weeks after calving, followed by a daily decrease in milk yield until the cow is dried off. Wood's model is a widely used lactation curve function. Wood's model was fitted to test-day records of 95,405 lactations of parities lower than 5. Milk traits were milk yield (MY), fat percentage (F%), protein percentage (P%), fat yield (FY) and protein yield (PY), and the lactation curve was individually considered as a cluster of five linked curves. Milk trait and parity influence the goodness of fit of Wood's model. In 19.3% of the lactations, the shape of the MY, FY and PY curves follows the standard lactation curve while F% and P% have the reversed standard shape. The initial phase of lactation with the FY and PY curves contributes to the high variability of shapes.     

Effects of selenium yeast on rumen fermentation, lactation performance and feed digestibilities in lactating dairy cows

The objective was to evaluate the effects of selenium-yeast (SY) supplementation on rumen fermentation, lactation performance and feed digestibilities in dairy cows. Twenty-eight multiparous (2.5 ± 0.3 parity) Holstein dairy cows, averaging 625 ± 18.2 kg of BW, 63 ± 3.0 days in milk and average daily milk production of 26.2 ± 0.5 kg/cow were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experiment. Treatments were: control, LSY, MSY and HSY with 0, 150, 300 and 450 mg selenium yeast (Sel-Plex®, 1 g/kg selenium, produced from Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3060) per kg of diet dry matter (DM), respectively. Experimental periods were 45 days with 30 days of adaptation and 15 days of sampling. Ruminal pH was lower for MSY than for control and was linearly (P = 0.03) decreased, whereas total VFA concentration was linearly and quadratically (P ≤ 0.01) increased with increasing SY supplementation, with the least for control, followed by LSY and HSY, and the highest for MSY. Ratio of acetate to propionate was lower for LSY, MSY and HSY than for control, and was linearly and quadratically (P ≤ 0.01) decreased as SY supplementation increased due to an increase in molar proportion of propionate. Ruminal ammonia N content was lower (P ≤ 0.01) for MSY and HSY than for control and was linearly decreased (P ≤ 0.01) with increasing SY supplementation. Dry matter intake, proportions and yields of milk fat, protein and lactose were not affected (P > 0.05). Milk yields and 4% FCM were higher (P ≤ 0.05) for LSY and MSY than for HSY and control. Milk selenium content was linearly and quadratically (P ≤ 0.01) increased as increasing SY supplementation, with the least for control, followed by LSY and MSY, and the highest for HSY. Digestibilities of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), aNDF and ADF in the total tract were higher (P < 0.01) for LSY and MSY than for control and HSY. The results indicate that supplementation of diet with SY improved rumen fermentation, milk yields, milk selenium, and feed digestion. It was suggested that the SY stimulated the digestive microorganisms or enzymes in a dose-dependent manner. In the experimental conditions of this trial, the optimum selenium-yeast dose was about 300 mg per kg diet DM.     

冬季喷施多效唑对荔枝叶片叶绿素荧光特征的影响

为弄清多效唑(PP333)对荔枝叶片光合能力的影响,于2011年12月对‘妃子笑,荔枝整株喷施PP333(500 mg/L),研究其对叶片叶绿素指数和叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响.结果表明:喷施PP333可显著增加荔枝叶片的SPAD值,且使Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、Fv′/Fm′、ΦPSⅡ、ETR、PCR等叶绿素荧光参数有所增加,而NPQ则降低;从光响应曲线可以看出,Fv′/Fm′、ΦPSⅡ和qP随光化光强度的增加呈下降趋势,而NPQ、PCR和ETR随光化光强度增加而增加;从PSⅡ反应中心能量分配比率上看,PP333处理后P、E增加,D减小,更有利于能量进入PSⅡ反应中心,促进光化学效率提高;PP333处理可以增加PSⅡ反应中心的开放比例,推动光合电子传递,提高荔枝叶片的光合性能.     

基于DHI的奶牛隐性乳房炎分析

[目的]分析奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生情况,为隐性乳房炎的控制提供科学依据。[方法]以3个牛场2009年DHI报告的体细胞数大小来分析隐性乳房炎在不同牛场、泌乳阶段和胎次的发生情况。[结果]不同牛场隐性乳房炎发生率存在差异,牛场1泌乳牛隐性乳房炎的发生率显著低于另外2个场（P〈0.05）。随着泌乳时间的增加,奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生率呈增加的趋势,牛场3在第6、7、8和第12泌乳月隐性乳房炎的发生率显著高于其他泌乳月。随着胎次的增加,奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生率呈增加趋势,牛场1在4胎以后奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生率显著增加且与其他2个场差异不显著（P〉0.05）。[结论]奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生率与泌乳阶段和胎次有关,与牛场自身的饲养管理有关。各个牛场应根据自身条件及DHI结果采取相应的措施控制奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生。     

东祁连山高寒草甸优势植物光响应特征

为研究高寒地区草地优势植物旺盛生长期光合特征,选取位于祁连山东段天祝藏族自治县抓喜秀龙乡的甘肃农业大学高山草原试验站围栏禁牧草地的矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)、垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)、赖草(Leymus secalinus)、扁蓿豆(Melissitus rutenica)、黄花棘豆(Oxytropis ochrocephala)、二裂委陵菜(Potentilla bifurca)和麻花艽(Gentiana straminea)7种优势植物,利用GFS-3000便携式光合测定仪拟合了7-9月的光合-光响应曲线。结果显示:由于8月份的干旱,草地植物的光合能力受到严重影响,对弱光的利用能力和对强光的适应能力都降低。垂穗披碱草、赖草、矮嵩草和二裂委陵菜在7月份的光合能力,对强光的适应能力都高于9月份,而黄花棘豆、扁蓿豆和麻花艽则相反。垂穗披碱草、黄花棘豆、麻花艽和二裂委陵菜4种植物对干旱很敏感,容易受到干旱胁迫;而赖草、扁蓿豆和矮嵩草3种植物对干旱胁迫不敏感。     

基于支持向量机方法的森林火险预测研究

以利用气象数据预测森林火险等级为目的,使用半正定规划建模选定支持向量机的最优核函数,依据500余条林火数据建立了支持向量回归机模型,并使用回归误差特征曲线图对比分析各个回归模型的学习效果。分析得到该自定义核函数的均方误差为1.76,支持向量数为190,约占训练数据集的1/2。结果表明,与传统的线性回归方法及基于高斯核的支持向量机相比,该预测模型具有较高的准确率并且有效的避免了过学习的现象。     

Growth stage impacts tolerance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to broadcast flaming

Organic wheat producers are interested in testing propane flaming as part of an integrated weed management program for organic wheat production. Therefore, the objective of this study was to collect baseline information on winter wheat tolerance to broadcast flaming as influenced by its growth stage at the time of flaming and dose of propane. Field experiments were conducted at the Haskell Agricultural Laboratory of the University of Nebraska, Concord, Nebraska in 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 utilizing six doses of propane applied at four growth stages including: four leaves-4L, three tillers-3 T, shoot elongation-SE and boot stage-BS. The propane doses were 0, 12, 31, 50, 68 and 87 kg ha⁻¹ and were applied using a custom built flamer driven at a constant speed of around 6 km h⁻¹. Crop response to propane doses was described by log-logistic models based on visual estimates of crop injury, various yield components (spikes m⁻², kernels spike⁻¹ and 1000-kernel weight) and grain yield. Overall response to flaming was influenced by the growth stage of wheat and propane dose. In general, wheat at 3 T was the most tolerant and at BS was the most susceptible stage to broadcast flaming. Flaming negatively affected all yield components of wheat. Reduction of grain yield increased with increase in propane dose at each growth stage. The maximum yield losses of about 21%, 32%, 63% and 74% were obtained with the highest propane dose of 87 kg ha⁻¹ applied at 3 T, SE, 4L and BS growth stages, respectively. Due to unacceptable yield loss, the use of broadcast flaming in winter wheat at the tested growth stages is not recommended.     

Acoustic emission behavior of shale under four point bending test

PXWAE Acoustic Emission System is useol to investigate the acoustic emission behavior of shale under four point bending test. In these tests, the maximum bending stress, bending strain, acoustic emission hits, acoustic emission energy and etc., are recorded. The results show that when vertical loads impose on the shale sample which has horizontal stratification planes, Kaiser effect does exist under four point bending tests. Kaiser point can be recognized directly from the stress vs. cumulative AE hits curve. But by the impact of shale’s stratifications and local failure during the tests, strain relaxation occur which makes it difficult to determine the Kaiser point only by the strain vs. acoustic emission curve. An accurate conclusion can be achieved by a comprehensive judgment combing with all test data, as well as the failure mode of rock sample. The research on acoustic emission behavior of rock in the stress state during bending tests to some extend can provide guidance to engineering practice for stability monitoring of mine roof or separation layer with acoustic emission monitoring technology.     

生物炭及炭基氮肥对土壤持水性能影响的研究

为了探明生物炭及生物炭基氮肥对土壤水分特征的影响,笔者采用实验室土柱入渗、水分特征曲线法测定了混入不同量生物炭材料、生物炭基氮肥土样的水分入渗率、水分吸持力等有关数值。结果表明：随着生物炭材料、生物炭基氮肥混入量的增多,2种土壤垂直土柱水分入渗率均逐渐减小;在水势相同情况下,与对照相比,混入量越大,土壤可保持的水分越多,但这种增加效应是有限度的,超过一定混入量（80 t/hm2）反而会降低土壤持水量;不同生物炭基氮肥对同一土壤及同一生物炭基氮肥对不同质地土壤持水容量的影响均存在差异。因此,在田间实际应用中,生物炭基氮肥对土壤水分特征的影响取决于生物炭基肥料的性质或特征、施用量及土壤质地等因素。