淮猪新品系二世代母猪泌乳性能的研究

[目的]为了研究淮猪新品系的生理特性,加速其开发利用,健全其科学饲养措施。[方法]选取淮猪新品系二世代健康母猪4头,测定其泌乳力。在28 d内,分7次进行泌乳测定,每次测定持续时间24 h,每隔2小时测定每次,测定时以该窝仔猪的前后两次的体重之差记为母猪的该次泌乳量,24 h(12次)测定的泌乳量为该母猪该天的泌乳量。[结果]结果表明:淮猪新品系二世代母猪泌乳量在泌乳期内呈先上升后下降,然后上升并达到最大值的变化趋势;28 d母猪泌乳期总泌乳量为163.24 kg,每头日平均泌乳量为1.458 kg,每天每头母猪泌乳量最高达1.817 kg/d;在12:00~18:00时间段内,淮猪新品系二世代母猪的泌乳量高于其他时间段,且在0.01水平显著高于0:00~6:00和18:00~0:00两个时间段。[结论]该研究为淮猪新品系的推广与应用提供了理论依据。     

仔猪哺乳期的生长发育分析

为了研究哺乳期仔猪的生长发育规律,为猪的育种和仔猪培育提供科学依据,对西北农林科技大学教学实验农场种猪场1998-2002年生产的1871头长白种猪和140头大约克种猪的初生重、20日龄体重、60日龄体重(断奶重)的测定结果进行分析,利用累积生长、绝对生长、相对生长、生长系数等度量生长发育速度和强度的指标对长白猪和大约克猪两个品种的仔猪及同一品种内不同性别的仔猪在哺乳期的生长发育速度和强度进行了统计分析。用长白仔猪、大约克仔猪的测定结果对其初生重、生长系数、绝对生长采用单因子二水平组内重复数不等资料进行方差分析。结果表明,长白仔猪的平均初生重比大约克猪低1.6%,经方差分析差异不显著(P>0.05);仔猪在出生后20日龄、60日龄两个阶段长白猪的生长发育速度(绝对生长)、生长强度(相对生长)均高于大约克猪,经方差分析差异均显著(P<0.05);而同一品种内,公猪的平均初生重大于母猪,20日龄时公猪的生长发育速度高于母猪,而至60日龄(即断奶时)时母猪的生长发育速度超过公猪,在20日龄、60日龄时公猪的生长发育强度均小于母猪。     

用Richards函数拟合柳杉林多形地位指数曲线

该文从生物学和数学两方面论述了采用Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄｓ方程拟合柳杉高生长曲线的适合性．以曲线的拐点年龄为基础分析了柳杉高生长在其指数级间和指数级内的多形性特征．通过图表分析和数值运算确定以６参数Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄｓ方程作为拟合柳杉林多形地位指数曲线的基本模型，并采用Ｍａｒｑｕａｒｄｓ迭代法求出各参数值，然后将模型展开得到柳杉林多形地位指数表．经检验所建立的柳杉林多形指数模型具有较高的精度     

散乱数据光顺拟合的SOR方法

针对CAGD中散乱数据光顺拟合的一般模型的求解问题，采用罚函数方法处理几何约束。根据最优性条件，将反映曲面光顺性的泛函极小化问题，离散化为曲面参数域网格点上的九点差分格式。得到了关于拟合曲面在网格点上函数值的线性方程组，并证明了该线性方程组的系数矩阵对称正定的性质．保证了采用超松弛法求解线性方程组的收敛性。为了验证所提出方法的有效性，对空间散乱分布的14个数据点，当模型参数取不同值时。分别进行了拟合。试验结果表明，用超松弛法能够简单快速实现散乱数据点的光顺拟合。     

贯流式风机风舌结构参数对Ψ-φ曲线影响的研究

本研完用全面试验的方法,将贯流式风机风舌结构参数对Ψ-φ曲线的影响进行了测定,同时,通过对内部流动场的测定和分析,找出了造成影响的原因和规律,为设计和应用贯流式风机提供依据。     

Rehabilitation of degraded dry heather [Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull] moorland by controlled sheep grazing

Many areas of heathland in Europe have seen a decline in the area and condition of Calluna vulgaris (heather)-dominated vegetation, with subsequent declines in the associated faunal interest. Grazing, alongside burning, is still the predominant means of managing heathland vegetation, and, therefore, it is by manipulating this management that cost-effective improvements in vegetation condition can be made. This paper investigates the suitability of different grazing treatments for rehabilitating degraded ‘dry heath’. Treatments varied in the intensity (0-1.9 sheep ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) and timing (summer vs. winter) of sheep grazing. These treatments were compared with the behaviour of vegetation outside the fenced area kept under the previous management (open access all year round). As rabbits were common on the site, fences were erected to prevent access to the sheep grazed plots. Vegetation composition remained stable outside the fenced area, whilst all the fenced treatments showed a decrease in heather utilisation and an increase in the relative frequency of heather over the 5 years of the experiment. The increase was in proportion to the reduction in stocking rate, with only slow increases in relative frequency observed in the high grazing treatments (winter and summer). Other species that benefited from reducing grazing included Empetrum nigrum and Vaccinium myrtillus, whilst declines were observed for Agrostis capillaris and total monocotyledonous species. Only small overall differences were observed between the winter low, summer low and no sheep grazing treatments. However, a difference in response was present between the sheep exclosures and the sheep+rabbit exclosures, indicating that rabbits were having a noticeable effect on heather recovery at this site. On this degraded ‘dry heath’ system, imposing a reduction in stocking density improved the condition of the dwarf shrubs present and reduced the grass component of the vegetation. There was little effect of the timing of grazing, such that a reduction in sheep numbers to 0.8/0.9 sheep ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, to give utilisation levels of below 20%, can achieve the desired result of improving vegetation condition whilst still achieving some economic return from grazing. However, the wide range of ‘sustainable’ stocking densities for different heathland systems highlights the need to base effective management on measured utilisation rather than on stock numbers.     

罗田垂枝杉不同年龄侧枝光合生理及形态特征

以15年生普通杉木为对照,分析罗田垂枝杉不同年龄侧枝叶片的光合生理特征变化规律。结果表明,罗田垂枝杉的冠高比和冠幅面积仅是杉木的45．33％和15．29％,两者差异极显著（p＜0．01）;罗田垂枝杉净光合速率（Pn）日变化呈单峰曲线,其4－5年生枝叶片光合能力明显低于杉木同年生侧枝叶片;罗田垂枝杉最大净光合速率（ Pnmax ）与光饱和点（ LSP, r＝0．956）、表观光合量子效率（AQY, r＝0．897）呈极显著正相关（p＜0．01）,与光补偿点（LCP, r＝0．416）、暗呼吸速率（Rd, r＝0．455）呈显著正相关（p＜0．05）,而与叶片含水率及叶绿素含量相关性不明显。罗田垂枝杉一年生到多年生侧枝的光合能力变化趋势与其侧枝逐渐自然脱落的过程具有一致性。     

奶牛泌乳曲线分析与饲养管理

本研究通过对泌乳曲线的峰值、波形等变化的分析，找出了影响产奶量的主要因素，并提出了改进措施。     

不同采食量对妊娠期和泌乳期新西兰母兔水平衡影响的研究

本研究为对母兔妊娠期和哺乳期两个生理阶段水平衡的测定。选用的16只经产妊娠期新西兰母兔,随机分成四组,每组4只。试兔采食同一营养密度日粮。对照组为充分饲养组,日采食量为260克;其余三组的采食量各为对照组的90、80和70％(即各为230克、210克和190克)。结果表明:处于同一生理阶段试兔的水平衡不受饲料采食量多少的影响。母兔妊娠期每公斤体重每天的水平衡为18.9克;泌乳期为42.0克,差异极显著(P<0.01)。可见兔的生理状态是影响兔水平衡的重要因素。测得母兔妊娠期饮水占总摄水量的68.9％,泌乳期饮水占总摄水量的84.7％。母兔妊娠期每公斤体重饮水需112.7克,泌乳期需167.0克,饮水与饲料水之比各为1.49∶1和2.11∶1。由此表明:加强繁殖母兔的饲养管理不应忽视对其供给充足、洁净的饮水。     

Spatial patterns of fire occurrence in Catalonia,NE, Spain

In this paper, we analyse spatial patterns of fire occurrence in Catalonia (NE Spain) during 1975–98. Fire scar maps, discriminated by means of 30–60 m resolution remote sensing imagery, have been used as a source of fire occurrence. We employ several visual or analytical approaches to interpret fire occurrence in this region, such as those of Minnich and Chou (1997), Ricotta et al. (2001) or Krummel et al. (1987). Crucial spatial patterns such as fire size distribution, fire frequency distribution, spots and residual vegetation islands are documented. In addition, several geographical layers were overlaid with burned area maps in order to determine interactions between fire occurrence and environmental parameters such as altitude, slope, solar radiation, and burned land cover. Assuming that fire occurrence is well determined by such a posteriori empirical factors we detect areas most prone to fire in this region and aim to enhance the local forest management and conservation plans.