酸不可溶性木质素和漆酶在棉花抗黄萎病中的作用

以抗病海岛棉Pima 90-53、耐病陆地棉冀棉20和感病陆地棉邯208为材料,研究黄萎病菌胁迫下棉花细胞壁的组织结构和木质素含量与棉花抗性的关系,并分析参与木质素合成的胞外漆酶的基因表达水平。结果发现,室内接种黄萎病菌24 h,在Pima 90-53的根部导管组织中没有发现病原菌的侵入,而在冀棉20和邯208的导管组织均有病原菌侵入;接种35 d时,Pima 90-53的茎部导管细胞壁高度木质化且导管堵塞不明显,冀棉20的导管细胞壁中度木质化且导管堵塞不明显,而邯208的导管细胞壁仅发生轻度木质化且导管堵塞严重。对田间病圃种植棉花叶片和叶柄的测定发现,3个品种的酸不可溶性木质素含量与品种的病情指数呈显著负相关(r = 0.99991^*),酸不可溶与可溶性木质素的比值大小与棉花品种黄萎病抗性强弱表现一致。基于此,进一步采用Real-time PCR技术分析参与木质素合成的漆酶基因GhLaccas表达差异发现,在冀棉20接种病菌后各检测时间点的表达量均显著高于邯208,且在冀棉20中GhLaccase表达量较0 h升高9~14倍,在8 h达到最高并在72 h内一直维持较高水平,表现出较高的应答效率。以上结果表明酸不可溶性木质素含量与黄萎病抗性呈正相关,漆酶在棉花抗黄萎病过程中起着重要作用。     

白腐菌产漆酶活化木粉制备纤维板的力学性能

利用白腐菌产漆酶的特性,优化连续培养高活漆酶,使得大量培养漆酶成为可能。结果表明:在连续培养和直接培养两种情况下,第11天时漆酶的酶活最高;利用连续培养白腐菌得到的大量的粗漆酶来处理木粉,活化其木质素成分,使其能够替代一部分的脲醛树脂胶制备纤维板。静曲强度上升了18.95%,弹性模量上升了35.49%,内结合强度上升了44.11%。漆酶催化氧化了木质素,增加了木质纤维中化学键的数量,使木质纤维之间的胶结点增多。与此同时,经过漆酶处理的木粉增强了脲醛树脂胶黏剂在纤维表面的渗透和扩散能力,提高了纤维板的力学性能。     

杏鲍菇漆酶部分酶学性质的研究

摘要：从杏鲍菇子实体中提取漆酶,用分光光度法测定漆酶活力。实验结果表明,杏鲍菇漆酶的最适pH为3.0;最适温度为45℃;热稳定性和贮存稳定性较高;Ca2+ 、Mn2+ 、Fe2+、Ag+对酶的活性有抑制作用,Na+、 k+、、Mg2+ 、Cu2+ 、Pb2+ 、Zn2+对酶的活性有促进作用。     

白腐菌Trametes pubescens MB89产漆酶发酵条件的优化及其部分酶学性质的研究

以白腐菌T.pubescens MB89为漆酶培养菌.研究培养方式、温度和Cu2+等因素对发酵产生漆酶的影响.在漆酶性质研究中,研究了温度、pH值、底物种类、金属离子等因素对漆酶催化活性的影响.结果表明,T.pubescens MB89产漆酶的最佳培养温度为25℃,最适Cu2+浓度1.0μmol/L,120 r/min振荡培养优于静止培养.T.pubescens MB89漆酶氧化底物的最适作用温度为25℃,最适pH随底物的不同而不同.Cu2+、Co2+、K+、Ag+对漆酶活性有促进作用,Fe2+、Fe2+、ca2+等离子对漆酶活性有抑制作用.Na+、Mg2+、Zn2+、Mn2+等离子对漆酶酶活性影响不大.由此说明,振荡培养T pubescens MB89生产漆酶的过程中Cu2+的存在可以加速漆酶的产生.T pubescens MB89漆酶酶活性受温度、pH值、金属离子、底物等因素的影响.     

香菇gpd启动子引导的云芝漆酶基因真核表达载体的构建

根据Genbank中提交的云芝(Coriolus versicolor (L.) Quel.)漆酶(lcc1)基因cDNA序列设计引物,利用RT-PCR获得云芝漆酶基因cDNA完整编码框,与GenBank中云芝漆酶基因同源性为96%;以pCAMBIA1381xb为初始载体,利用引物两端的酶切位点,将克隆得到的云芝漆酶基因cDNA序列分别连接到香菇gpd启动子Lg1和Lg2的下游,构建成香菇启动子引导的云芝漆酶基因真核表达载体pC-XG1-YZ-Lac和pC-XG2-YZ-Lac,利用冻融法将其转到了农杆菌EHA105中.     

利用酚试剂测定漆酶活性的比色法

利用酚试剂研究了漆酶活性的比色测定方法。在实验条件下焦性没食子酸氧化产物的吸光值倒数与反应时间的倒数成正比,符合公式1/Q=(b/a)(1/t)+1/a。于是可用上式中a/b来表征漆酶的催化活性。实测数据表明,本法比常规比色法和通气比色法灵敏。     

不同生长阶段平菇漆酶、纤维素酶活性研究

通过测定平菇在种子袋内和出菇后不同生长阶段的酶活，研究其酶活与生长阶段之间的关系。试验采用平菇的两个品种，以麦粒种和棉籽壳为培养基进行培养，并分别测定其不同生长阶段的漆酶与纤维素酶活力。在平菇菌丝长度为40mm时，两种酶的活性均达到最大值（831：漆酶151．6u／g、纤维素酶39．255U／g）豫-6：漆酶123．6u／s、纤维索酶31．038U／g）。之后酶活随着菌丝的生长缓慢下降，到形成子实体时降至最低。可见平菇的酶活随着菌丝的生长表现出一定的变化趋势。     

Laccase and peroxidase isoenzymes during leaf litter decomposition of Quercus ilex in a Mediterranean ecosystem

The dynamics of leaf litter decomposition of Quercus ilex (L.) were investigated over a 2 year period by determining the activities and isoenzyme distribution of laccases and peroxidases. The analysis of isoenzymes was performed by isoelectric focusing on high stability pH gradients with high resolving power. The preparation of zymograms was carried out using the leaf litter extract without previous concentration. During litter decomposition, laccase and peroxidase activities changed as well as the type and number of enzyme isoforms. The activities of both enzymes were low (≤0.017 and ≤0.031 mmol o-tolidine oxidized h⁻¹ g⁻¹ d.w. for laccase and peroxidase, respectively) in first year and increased in October-January of the second year of litter decay. The highest activities measured after 15-18 months of litter exposure (0.37±0.03 and 0.19±0.02 mmol o-tolidine oxidized h⁻¹ g⁻¹ d.w. for laccase and peroxidase, respectively), showed that litter chemical composition affected the growth of ligninolytic microbial community. The activation energy for laccase and peroxidase reactions also changed during decomposition: the highest values (55±6 kJ mol⁻¹ for laccase and 60±6 kJ mol⁻¹ for peroxidase) occurred in autumn-winter, even if spatial changes were evidenced. Some enzyme isoforms (pI=5.3 and 5.5 for laccase and pI=5.0 and 5.1 for peroxidase, respectively), contributed more than others to the overall laccase and peroxidase activity, suggesting that some ligninolytic species bloomed in particular seasons of the year, even if other species with similar functional activities colonized the litter.     

Production of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes and degradation of leaf litter by saprotrophic basidiomycetes isolated from a Quercus petraea forest

Due to the production of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes, saprotrophic basidiomycetes can significantly contribute to the turnover of soil organic matter. The production of lignin- and polysaccharide-degrading enzymes and changes of the chemical composition of litter were studied with three isolates from a Quercus petraea forest. These isolates were capable of fresh litter degradation and were identified as Gymnopus sp., Hypholoma fasciculare and Rhodocollybia butyracea. Within 12 weeks of incubation, H. fasciculare decomposed 23%, R. butyracea 32% and Gymnopus sp. 38% of the substrate dry mass. All fungi produced laccase and Mn-peroxidase (MnP) and none of them produced lignin peroxidase or other Mn-independent peroxidases. There was a clear distinction in the enzyme production pattern between R. butyracea or H. fasciculare compared to Gymnopus sp. The two former species caused the fastest mass loss during the initial phase of litter degradation, accompanied by the temporary production of laccase (and MnP in H. fasciculare) and also high production of hydrolytic enzymes that later decreased. In contrast, Gymnopus sp. showed a stable rate of litter mass loss over the whole incubation period with a later onset of ligninolytic enzyme production and a longer lasting production of both lignin and cellulose-degrading enzymes. The activity of endo-cleaving polysaccharide hydrolases in this fungus was relatively low but it produced the most cellobiose hydrolase. All fungi decreased the C/N ratio of the litter from 24 to 15-19 and Gymnopus sp. also caused a substantial decrease in the lignin content. Analytical pyrolysis mass spectrometry of litter decomposed by this fungus showed changes in the litter composition similar to those caused by white-rot fungi during wood decay. These changes were less pronounced in the case of H. fasciculare and R. butyracea. All fungi also changed the mean masses of humic acid and fulvic acid fractions isolated from degraded litter. The humic acid fraction after degradation by all three fungi contained more lignin and less carbohydrates. Compared to the decomposition by saprotrophic basidiomycetes, litter degradation in situ on the site of fungal isolation resulted in the relative enrichment of lignin and differences in lignin composition revealed by analytical pyrolysis. It can most probably be explained by the participation of non-basidiomycetous fungi and bacteria during natural litter decomposition.     

产漆酶真菌筛选及其产酶条件的优化

【目的】从11株野生大型真菌中筛选具有产漆酶活性的大型真菌,并对漆酶活性较高的菌株进行产酶发酵条件优化,为将其投入工业化生产提供参考。【方法】以采集自安徽省琅琊山的11株真菌为材料,通过平板显色反应,筛选具有产漆酶活性的大型真菌菌株,再用液体摇瓶发酵培养方法优化大型真菌产酶培养基的组成,并对优化条件进行验证。【结果】①在供试的11株野生大型真菌中,有6株具产漆酶活性,占54.5%;其中有柄树舌灵芝(Ganoderma gibbosum) CZSWXY0001具有较高的产漆酶能力,其产酶培养基的最佳碳源为蔗糖,氮源为酵母膏。②优化后的培养基配方为：蔗糖20 g/L,酵母膏 2 g/L,K₂HPO₄ 3.2 g/L,MgSO₄·7H₂O 0.2 g/L,表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS) 3 mg/L,Cu²⁺浓度6 mmol/L,pH 7.0。培养基优化后,有柄树舌灵芝菌株所产漆酶活性达到496.18 U/mL,约是优化前的12.2倍。【结论】有柄树舌灵芝CZSWXY0001具有较好的产漆酶活性。