油松球果螟羽化节律和成虫生殖行为观察

为进一步研究油松球果螟性信息素及其防治,通过野外采集油松球果螟蛹,室内饲养和林间调查,对油松球果螟的羽化节律和成虫生殖行为进行观察,结果表明:每株油松树平均有蛹2.51个,室内蛹的羽化率为47.52%。成虫羽化在7月8日达高峰期,6∶00～12∶00羽化头数占整日羽化量的48.01%;12∶00～18∶00羽化头数占整日羽化量的25.28%。室内雌雄蛾比率为1∶1.084,其中羽化早期,雄成虫羽化量比雌成虫的多12.95%。室内成虫白天静伏不动,夜间有两个活动高峰期,分别为20∶00～24∶00和4∶00～7∶00。在此期间,观察到雌成虫召唤状态。油松球果螟分多处产卵,雌蛾产卵平均46.5粒。卵期6～8d。     

Food quality affects production of Lumbricus terrestris (L.) under controlled environmental conditions

Birch leaves and horse manure were used to determine the effects of food quality on growth and reproduction of laboratory-reared Lumbricus terrestris. Animals grew to maturity within 6 months but attained a significantly (p < 0.001) larger adult size with manure (6.17 g) versus leaves (4.20 g). Cocoon production by recently-mated adults maintained in isolation, fed with birch leaves or horse manure, resulted in 4.53 and 3.84 cocoons ind.⁻¹ month⁻¹ respectively, with an initial hatchability of 86%, falling to zero after 18 months. Re-mating of these known individuals permitted long term monitoring of reproductive output (to 30 months). For the whole experimental period, overall hatchability of the 2010 cocoons produced was 44.4%. Median incubation time of those cocoons that hatched within accepted norms (less than 5 months at 15 °C) was 103 days and was not influenced by adult food type. A proportion (35.5%) of cocoons took in excess of 12 months to hatch. Adult mortality was minimal (25%) during the long term experiment but abnormal cocoon production was recorded after 2 years. Overall results demonstrate that food quality can have a significant influence on somatic and reproductive production of L. terrestris and these data may aid construction of production models for this earthworm in ecosystems with contrasting food quality.     

黄淮海区玉米青枯病的田间自然筛选及接种鉴定

[目的]研究黄淮海区玉米青枯病的田间自然筛选及接种鉴定。[方法]采用试验室接种鉴定及大田自然鉴定的方法,研究25份玉米自交系和61份群体材料对玉米青枯病的抗病表现。[结果]筛选出9份自交系及26份群体材料的抗病等级都在R(抗病)以上。多数种质资源的抗病性集中在3级和5级,为R(抗病)和MR(中抗)材料;未发现有9级(高感)材料。[结论]该研究为玉米青枯病在黄淮海区的防治提供技术参考。     

农业科研实验室档案管理工作的实践与思考

阐述了实验室档案管理的主要内容和重要性,针对实验室档案管理工作存在的主要问题,探讨了搞好实验室档案管理工作的对策。     

RAPD－PCR技术在根结线虫分类鉴定中的应用

采用Ｏｐｅｒｏｎ公司Ａ组的９个引物对３种根结线虫：南方根结线虫１号小种（Ｍｅｌｏｉｄｏｇｙｎｅｉｎｃｏｇｎｉｔａｒａｃｅ１），爪哇根结线虫（Ｍ．ｊａｖａｎｉｃａ），北方根结线虫（Ｍ.ｈａｐｌａ）的基因组ＤＮＡ进行随机扩增，扩增产物显示了明显的多态性，其中引物ＯＰＡ－０１、ＯＰＡ－０３、ＯＰＡ－０４、ＯＰＡ－０５能区分３种根结线虫，其它５个引物仅能区分１个或２个种。     

Feeding behaviour as a limiting step in insecticide absorption for the wireworm Agriotes sp. (Coleoptera: Elateridae)

The fipronil control of wireworms field populations (larval Agriotes sp., Coleoptera: Elateridae) is difficult because of the low integumental penetration rates of this insecticide into the target larval body. The main way of insecticide absorption being associated with food, analysis of the larval feeding behaviour is of key importance for designing a strategy of dietary chemical control of those subterranean pests. In this purpose, a standard method for assessing the long-term survival of field specimens in the laboratory was developed together with experimental designs for investigating food searching and choosing by larvae. Larval biological performances under those laboratory conditions were checked monthly. Three criteria were taken into account for measures: the duration of individual survival, the gain in average body weight, and the moulting rhythm. Experimentation revealed that seed flour was highly desired by larvae and that larval feeding choice was affected over short distances only. This suggests the involvement of dietary preference rather than attractivity in the larval feeding behaviour. This implies that, at the operational step, insecticide had better be associated to food, either as a coating on the seeds, or inside preferred baits.     

中国实验猴养殖业现状及发展对策初探

实验猴养殖是一个投资大、周期长、技术要求高、利润高的行业。本文介绍了我国实验猴养殖行业的发展过程,通过对产业现状的分析和对国际发展趋势的说明,对实验猴养殖业提出了一些建议。     

Culture of commercially obtained Lumbricus terrestris L.: Implications for sub-lethal ecotoxicological testing

The use of commercially purchased or field-collected earthworms of unknown age, exposure or pre-treatment in sub-lethal ecotoxicological studies is questionable. In this study, adult (clitellate) Lumbricus terrestris, obtained from 5 commercial suppliers in the UK and also field collected, were kept under controlled environmental conditions (15 °C and 24 h darkness) in a sterilised loam soil and fed horse manure. Survival, biomass and cocoon production was monitored every 4 weeks over 1 y. Marked differences were recorded in survival rates (ranging from 40-100% after 40 weeks) and cocoon production (ranging from 15.1 to 32.2 worm⁻¹ y⁻¹) between treatments. Biomass in all treatments (mean mass 4.32-5.61 g at the outset) increased with time to week 20 (maximum 6.7 g) and then declined steadily (3.23-4.7 g at week 52). This pattern was also observed in cocoon production and was considered to be a function of an initial period of acclimation (0-12 weeks) followed by a period of high production (12-36 weeks) under optimal conditions and then fatigue (36-52 weeks) caused by reproductive exhaustion. Results suggest that earthworm origin may influence the validity and reproducibility of sub-lethal ecotoxicological studies and where applicable laboratory-reared earthworms of known age and history are recommended as test subjects.     

Soil fauna modifies the recalcitrance-persistence relationship of soil carbon pools

Traditional models of soil organic matter decomposition predict that soil carbon pools with high chemical stability and large physical structure are more resistant against degradation than chemically labile and fine-grained material. We investigated whether soil fauna, by its direct and indirect effects on carbon turnover, would reinforce or counteract this general trend.The effects of four major faunal groups on carbon pools of differing recalcitrance were studied in an extensive microcosm experiment. Ninty-six microcosms were inoculated with nematodes, enchytraeids, collembola, and lumbricids in three densities, including combinations of groups. Bare agricultural soil and soil covered with maize litter were used as substrates. The microcosms were kept under constant conditions at 12 °C and 50% water holding capacity for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, soil particles were separated into size classes (<63 μm, 63-250 μm, >250 μm) and carbon pools were separated into solubility fractions (K₂SO₄-soluble, pyrophosphate-soluble, insoluble), by means of ultrasonic dispersion and subsequent stepwise solubilisation.Both in bare soil and in soil with litter, the carbon pools with the highest chemical stability (insoluble) and the larger particle sizes (>63 μm) were degraded more intensively than all other pools in the presence of lumbricids. The pools of intermediate chemical stability (pyrophosphate-soluble) underwent simultaneous degradation and neoformation brought about by different animal groups. The chemically most labile pool (K₂SO₄-soluble) remained largely unaffected by the fauna. Fixation of carbon in microbial biomass was increased by nematodes in bare soil and by enchytraeids in soil with litter. The results illustrate in detail how, under the influence of soil fauna, soil carbon pools are decomposed in a cascade-like process where carbon is transferred from the stable to the more labile pools, while simultaneously a proportion is fixed in microbial biomass and another part is lost as CO₂. Thereby, the relationship between a substrate's persistence and its chemical stability and physical size is substantially modified. We summarize the mechanisms that most likely are responsible for the different effects of the investigated faunal groups.     

对农学类和生物类实验室建设管理的几点看法

结合高校的实际情况,就如何能使实验室的建设和管理更科学化、规范化,促其正常运行和发展提出了一些看法。