浅谈高校实验室的建设与管理

实验室在高校人才培养中起着十分重要的作用，通过实验教学可以培养学生专业技能，独立工作能力和实践动手能力，因此要想达到良好的教育、教学效果，培养出更多高素质的应用型人才，必须加强实验室的建设与管理。     

In vitro properties of diffuse cytoplasmic esterase-positive canine mononuclear leukocytes

Depletion of cytoplasmic esterase-positive canine peripheral blood monocytes from mononuclear cell suspensions was attempted using plastic adherence, carbonyl iron ingestion and/or Sephadex G-10 filtration. An esterase-positive, nonadherent, nonphagocytic subpopulation was identified and further characterized by the presence or absence of cell membrane receptors for the Fc portions of immunoglobulin and the activated third component of complement. The majority of these nonadherent cells lacked these receptors. The data suggests that canine peripheral blood monocytes are a heterogenous cell population.     

氯虫苯甲酰胺对小菜蛾的室内毒力测定及防治效果

为研究5%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂（SC）对小菜蛾的防治效果,利用4种药剂进行了室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。室内毒力测定结果表明：药后48 h 5%氯虫苯甲酰胺SC对小菜蛾的毒力最高,LC50为0.563 0 mg·L-1|其次是10%多杀霉素水分散粒剂（WG）,LC50为0.856 7 mg·L-1|1.9%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油（EC）和1%阿维菌素EC的毒力较低。田间药效试验结果表明：5%氯虫苯甲酰胺SC 1 000倍液对小菜蛾的防效最好,达到95.04%,显著优于其他3种药剂|10%多杀霉素WG 5 000倍液的防效次之,为82.01%|而1.9%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐EC 1 500倍液和1%阿维菌素EC 750倍液的防效较低,分别为71.67%和63.95%。     

生态学实验课程类型设计的探讨与实践

以楚雄师范学院新建本科生物技术专业生态学实验课程类型设计的探索历程为例,在总结该校生态学实验课程类型设计的经验和教训的基础上,探讨了正确设计高校实验课程类型的路径和方法。     

Dynamics of upward and downward N2O and CO2 fluxes in ploughed or no-tilled soils in relation to water-filled pore space, compaction and crop presence

Sharp peaks in nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes under no-tillage in wet conditions appear to be related to near surface soil and crop cover conditions. Here we explored some of the factors influencing tillage effects on short-term variations in gas flux so that we could learn about the mechanisms involved. Field investigations revealed that a cumulative emission of 13 kg N₂O–N ha⁻¹ over a 12-week period was possible under no-tillage for spring barley. We investigated how reducing crop cover and changing the structural arrangement of the water-filled pore space (WFPS) by short-term laboratory compaction influenced N₂O and carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes in upward and downward directions in core samples from tilled and untilled soil. Increasing the downward flux of N₂O within a soil profile by changing soil or moisture conditions may increase the likelihood of its further reduction to N₂ or dissolution. We took undisturbed cores from 3 to 8 cm depth, equilibrated them to −1 or −6 kPa matric potential, incubated them and measured N₂O and CO₂ fluxes from the upper and lower surfaces in a purpose-designed apparatus before and after compaction in an uniaxial tester. We also measured WFPS, air permeability, bulk density and air-filled porosity before and after compaction. Spring barley was tested in 1999 and winter barley in 2000.Fluxes of N₂O were from 1.5 to 35 times higher from no-tilled than ploughed even where the soil was of similar bulk density. Reduction of the crop cover increased CO₂ flux and could reduce N₂O flux. The effects of structural changes induced by laboratory compaction on the fluxes of N₂O and CO₂ were not influenced greatly by the tillage and crop cover treatments. Fluxes from the upper surfaces of cores (corresponding to 3 cm soil depth, upwards direction) could be up to 100 times greater (N₂O) or 8 times (CO₂) than from the lower surfaces (8 cm depth, downwards direction). These differences between surfaces were greatest when N₂O fluxes were very high in no-tilled soil (4.2 mg N₂O–N m⁻² h⁻¹) as occurred when WFPS exceeded 80% or became blocked with water, an effect that was increased by our compaction treatment. In general N₂O fluxes increased with WFPS. The production and emission of N₂O were strongly influenced by the soil physical environment, the magnitude of the water-filled pore space and continuity of the air-filled pore space in particular, produced in no-till versus plough cultivation.     

African Horse Sickness Fever in Vaccinated Horses: Short Communication

Our investigation has shown that multiple vaccinations with inactivated African horse sickness (AHS) vaccines containing all 9 serotypes and produced at the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory in Dubai, UAE, protect horses from AHS. However, the immunization did not prevent African horse sickness fever (AHSF) in approximately 10% of the vaccinated horses despite high enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and virus neutralizing antibodies. African horse sickness fever is a very mild form of AHS with similar clinical signs. From all 6 horses which had developed AHSF, no virus was isolated from EDTA blood withdrawn during the acute phase of infection. Despite high neutralizing antibodies, serotype 9 was detected by polymerase chain reaction in 4 of them. All 6 horses recovered within 72 hours, after they developed mild clinical signs of AHS.     

一起母牛采食马铃薯皮引起亚硝酸盐中毒误诊案的思考

为切实加强动物中毒性疾病的诊断处置能力,防止因诊断失误、处置不当导致动物死亡现象的发生。本文就一起母牛采食马铃薯皮引起亚硝酸盐中毒误诊案的诊断处置过程进行讨论分析,提出了相应的诊断处置意见,供广大兽医同仁在实际诊断过程中借鉴应用。     

Evaluation the Clinitek status automated dipstick analysis device for semiquantitative testing of canine urine

The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the Clinitek status™ analyser using Multistix10SG™/Microalbustix™ dipsticks (all: Siemens Dx) for canine urine (n = 101) compared to reference methods: visual reading (Combur9 dipstick, Roche), refractometry, microscopy, and quantitative protein/creatinine analysis (Pentra400, AxonLab). The automated analyses were done twice and visual tests were performed by two examiners.An excellent to good concordance was demonstrated between the first/second analysis with the Multistix10SG and the Combur9 dipstick, respectively with Cohen’s κ-values ranging from 0.776 to 1.000. Agreement between both dipsticks was good for glucose (κ = 0.753), blood (κ = 0.793), protein (κ = 0.788), and moderate for bilirubin (κ = 0.431) and ketones (κ = 0.540). In 6/101 specimens, false positive ketone reactions were obtained with the Multistix10SG™. Multistix10SG™ could not be used for determination of pyuria or specific gravity. Semiquantitative/quantitative protein results correlated well (ρ = 0.90) and creatinine measurements moderately (ρ = 0.76). Due to automated data transmission to the laboratory information system, the Clinitek status™ is of advantage in veterinary laboratories/clinics.     

甘蔗褐条病病原菌分离鉴定及其室内毒力的测定

针对海南省不同植蔗区甘蔗褐条病的典型病斑进行分离培养、单孢纯化、形态学观察、致病性检测以及结合r DNA-ITS序列分析鉴定病原菌。分离到的5株病原菌,经回接实验表明,病原菌HT-4致病性最强,能引起与田间病害一致的症状,将菌株HT-4的r DNA-ITS序列在NCBI上进行BLAST比对。结果表明:菌株HT-4与离蠕孢属(Bipolaris)相似性达到99%,结合形态学分析确定该菌是甘蔗褐条病的病原菌。室内毒力实验表明:在7种供试药剂中,50%咪鲜胺锰盐和10%苯醚甲环唑对病原菌抑制效果最好,EC50值分别为4.400 6 mg/L和9.421 1 mg/L。结果为甘蔗褐条病的防控提供科学参考。     

激光共聚焦显微镜技术进展

激光共聚焦显微镜技术发展迅速,新技术主要集中于从提高分辨率、降低光毒性、提高扫描速度、活体观察等方面提升激光共聚焦显微镜的功能,各种新技术带来更多的生物学应用潜力,因此有必要梳理分析各项新技术的原理。归纳分析了光门控、白激光、GaAsP光谱检测器、超高分辨率、活细胞工作站、光片成像系统、多光子、相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射、激光捕获显微切割等技术的原理和应用潜力。并指出了现有技术在扫描速度、兼容性、样品适用性等方面的不足,展望了下一步的研究方向。该论文供研究人员在熟悉和了解新技术的基础上更加清晰的获知“基于什么样的技术能够达到什么样的生物学功能”,进而获得更多的实验思路。