鲤疱疹病毒Ⅱ型的理化及生物学特性和超微形态发生

为了查明鲤疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(Cyprinid herpesvirus 2,Cy HV-2)的理化与生物学特性以及病毒在细胞内的超微形态发生过程,利用新建立的对Cy HV-2敏感的异育银鲫脑组织细胞系(Gi CB),对Cy HV-2的理化及生物学特性进行了详细研究,比较了不同来源鱼类细胞系对Cy HV-2感染的敏感性,并对体外培养细胞中Cy HV-2病毒粒子及其超微形态发生过程进行了电镜观察。结果显示,Cy HV-2对热、酸、碱、有机溶剂和冻融敏感;常用鱼类细胞系EPC、RTG-2、Koi-Fin、CIK、CCK、PF-Fin对Cy HV-2的感染不敏感,特异性巢式PCR检测盲传至第7代Cy HV-2细胞培养物,结果均为阴性;Cy HV-2在Gi CB细胞中的增殖动态研究结果表明:病毒感染细胞经过12 h的隐晦期,24 h开始进入对数生长期,96 h病毒滴度达到最高值(107.52±0.26 TCID50/m L),然后进入平台期;透射电子显微镜观察结果显示,Cy HV-2感染细胞可分为吸附与侵入、复制与装配、成熟与释放3个主要过程,病毒进入对数生长期后,被感染细胞内可见形态典型的疱疹病毒颗粒。     

Detection of Koi herpesvirus: impact of extraction method,primer set and DNA polymerase on the sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction examinations

Since virus isolation is seldom successful, KHV infection is commonly detected by PCR examination. A number of different PCR assays have been described in recent years. However, at present no commonly accepted PCR method is used amongst different laboratories. The aim of this study was to check if the examination of infected fish by different PCR methods yielded comparable results. We used tissue samples of three KHV‐infected koi, one KHV‐infected common carp, one KHV‐infected goldfish and one non‐infected common carp. DNA was extracted with DNAzol Reagent, High Pure PCR Template DNA Preparation Kit and QIAamp DNA Mini Kit. The DNA was tested by PCR with different combinations of published primer sets –KHV‐F and ‐R, KHV‐Gray‐2F and ‐2R and KHV‐TKf and ‐TKr – plus different DNA polymerases – a standard Taq DNA polymerase, a Platinum (hotstart) Taq DNA polymerase and a Platinum (hotstart) Pfx DNA polymerase with proofreading activity. The different extraction methods produced DNA solutions with different yields of DNA and different degrees of homogeneity. Also, the sensitivity of the PCR depended on the choice of the primer set and polymerase. Not all infected fish could be identified with all methods; there were large differences in the sensitivity between methods.     

镜鲤抗疱疹病毒(CyHV-3)F4抗病品系病毒表达量评估

镜鲤抗疱疹病毒新品种选育到F4,抗病性状已达到稳定。本研究以F4为实验材料,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术以病毒TK和ORF72基因为病毒标志基因,分析镜鲤抗疱疹病毒（CyHV-3）选育抗病品系F4在病毒感染不同阶段中的表达量,从而从病毒表达角度探讨F4抗病选育效果及其病毒表达模式。结果显示：（1）两个基因不同感染阶段脾、肾组织表达量趋势一致,24h-144h呈上升趋势,144h-288h呈下降趋势。选育组脾在144h相比其他时期差异显著（P<0.05）;未选育组脾、肾及选育组肾在144h相比其他时期差异极显著（P<0.01）（2）脾组织两个基因表达量均低于肾组织。选育组和未选育组两个基因均在96h-144h差异显著,其中选育组两个基因在96h、ORF72基因144h差异显著(P<0.05),其他时期差异极显著(P<0.01)。（3）选育组两个基因表达量低于未选育组。脾组织两个基因均在96h-168h差异极显著(P<0.01),其中ORF72基因在192h、216h也差异极显著(P<0.01);肾组织两个基因在96h-168h差异极显著(P<0.01);其中ORF72基因在192h也差异极显著(P<0.01)。以上结果说明选育组抗病性能强于未选育组,其中肾组织抗病性能强于脾组织,且经选育肾组织抗病免疫性能得到很大的提高。目前,未见其他鱼类的选育种在抗病性状上达到一个稳定阶段,本研究在对于病毒表达量的研究当中可对其他鱼类提供重要的指导作用。     

锦鲤疱疹病毒囊膜蛋白ORF59的克隆、分析及其主要B细胞表位区的原核表达

从感染锦鲤疱疹病毒（Koi herpesvirus,KHV）的锦鲤（Cyprinus carpiokoi）肾脏组织中提取DNA,通过PCR扩增了KHVORF59基因。该基因全长411bp,所编码的蛋白包含136个氨基酸,分子量14.3kDa,等电点（PI）6.91,有12个潜在的O糖基化位点。此研究克隆的KHVORF59基因第130位碱基由G突变为A,使其编码的第44位氨基酸由Ala突变为Thr。采用DNAStar程序,在综合分析二级结构柔性区、蛋白的亲水性、表面可能性和抗原性指数的基础上,预测了KHVORF59蛋白主要B细胞表位,并将其区段的编码序列与KHVORF59完整编码序列分别克隆入原核表达载体pET-32a（＋）,构建重组质粒pET32a-ORF59S和pET32a-ORF59C,转入大肠杆菌Rosetta菌株,IPTG诱导表达。SDS-PAGE及WesternBlot分析显示,pET32a-ORF59S可以高效表达,表达的截短KHVORF59蛋白主要以可溶性形式存在,采用HisBindResin填料,层析纯化了该截短蛋白。     

鲤科疱疹病毒2型TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为建立快速和敏感的检测鲤科疱疹病毒2型(CyHV-2)的方法,本研究根据CyHV-2 DNA聚合酶基因序列合成引物和TaqMan探针,建立了CyHV-2荧光定量PCR检测方法.结果显示,以重组质粒为标准品建立的标准曲线在5拷贝/μL～5×108拷贝/μL具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999;其最低检出量为5拷贝/μL,比普通PCR的敏感度高100倍.该方法仅对CyHV-2的靶基因序列进行扩增,而对锦鲤疱疹病毒、流行性造血器官坏死病病毒、病毒性出血性败血症病毒、传染性胰脏坏死病病毒及鲤春病毒血症病毒核酸扩增结果均为阴性.组内和组间重复试验变异系数的平均值分别为0.5％和0.3％,具有良好的重复性.与常规PCR相比较,该方法具有快速、敏感、特异及高通量检测等优点,适用于对CyHV-2的快速检测.     

锦鲤疱疹病毒CJ株ORF27基因克隆及生物信息学分析

为了解锦鲤疱疹病毒中国吉林株（KHV-CJ）ORF27基因编码蛋白的结构特征和进化关系,采用镜鲤尾鳍原代细胞增殖KHV-CJ,提取其DNA,经PCR扩增,获得ORF27基因,将其克隆在pMD18-T载体中,构建重组质粒。应用生物信息学方法初步分析KHV-CJ ORF27基因的结构和功能,并与GenBank上公布的三株KHV构建系统进化树。结果显示：获得207bp的ORF27基因,编码69个氨基酸;预测ORF27编码蛋白的理论分子质量为7366.62Da,等电点为4.487;抗原表位预测显示抗原性良好;编码蛋白存在1个N-糖基化位点、4个O糖基化位点和5个磷酸化位点;系统进化树分析表明与锦鲤疱疹病毒美国株（KHV-U）属同一分支。     

A survey of respiratory viruses in New Zealand horses

AIMS: To determine which viruses circulate among selected populations of New Zealand horses and whether or not viral infections were associated with development of respiratory disease.

METHODS: Nasal swabs were collected from 33 healthy horses and 52 horses with respiratory disease and tested by virus isolation and/or PCR for the presence of equine herpesviruses (EHV) and equine rhinitis viruses.

RESULTS: Herpesviruses were the only viruses detected in nasal swab samples. When both the results of nasal swab PCR and virus isolation were considered together, a total of 41/52 (79%) horses with respiratory disease and 2/32 (6%) healthy horses were positive for at least one virus. As such, rates of virus detection were significantly higher (p<0.001) in samples from horses with respiratory disease than from healthy horses. More than half of the virus-positive horses were infected with multiple viruses. Infection with EHV-5 was most common (28 horses), followed by EHV-2 (27 horses), EHV-4 (21 horses) and EHV-1 (3 horses).

CONCLUSIONS: Herpesviruses were more commonly detected in nasal swabs from horses with respiratory disease than from healthy horses suggesting their aetiological involvement in the development of clinical signs among sampled horses. Further investigation to elucidate the exact relationships between these viruses and respiratory disease in horses is warranted.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Equine respiratory disease has been recognised as an important cause of wastage for the equine industry worldwide. It is likely multifactorial, involving complex interactions between different microorganisms, the environment and the host. Ability to control, or minimise, the adverse effects of equine respiratory disease is critically dependent on our understanding of microbial agents involved in these interactions. The results of the present study update our knowledge on the equine respiratory viruses currently circulating among selected populations of horses in New Zealand.