Dietary Moringa oleferia leaf meal induce growth,innate immunity and cytokine expression in grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella

The present research was designed to investigate the growth promoting and immunostimulating properties of Moringa oleferia leaf meal (MLM) in grass carp. Juvenile grass carp (22.03 g ± 1.164) were fed with diets supplemented with 0, 50, 100 and 150 g/kg MLM for 48 days. At the end of feeding trial, skin mucus was used for analysis of lysozyme, protease, antiprotease and peroxidase activity. Head kidney was used for expression analysis of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha, interleukin‐8 and interferon‐γ. The obtained results showed that fish fed with 100 and 150 g/kg MLM had significant increase in weight gain and specific growth rate (p < .05). However, condition factor was not altered. The MLM (50 and 100 g/kg) inclusion resulted in higher mucus lysozyme and protease activity (p < .05), while peroxidase activity increased only in fish fed with 100 g/kg MLM and antiprotease activity was not altered. Expression of tnf‐α increased in a dose‐dependent manner, and significant (p < .05) increase was recorded in fish fed with 150 g/kg MLM. The expression of il‐8 and ifn‐γ increased in fish fed with 50 and 150 g/kg MLM; however, the increase was not significant (p > .05). In conclusion, supplementing juvenile grass carp feed with MLM up to 150 g/kg has growth promoting and immunostimulating effects.     

Investigations on the digestibility and metabolizability of the major nutrients and energy of maize leaves and barnyard grass in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

In the uplands of northern Vietnam, culture of grass carp contributes significantly to income and household food security of Black Thai farmers. Maize is one of the most important upland crops and barnyard grass is the most important weed in the paddy rice fields. Thus, these are frequently used by small‐scale fish farmers as fish feed. An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted simultaneously in a recirculation and in a respirometric system to determine the digestibility and metabolizability of the nutrients of maize leaves and barnyard grass, to assess their crude protein, lipid and energy conversion and to estimate the energy allocation in grass carp. The following diets were used: diet ‘A’ (reference diet) containing 39% crude protein with 19.8 MJ kg^?1 gross energy; diets ‘B’, ‘C’ and ‘D’, which contained the same amount of the reference diet as the control diet, supplemented with a known amount of dried barnyard grass, dried maize leaves or fresh maize leaves, respectively. Five fish were assigned to each treatment in each experimental unit. Reference and test diets were fed to fish and faecal samples were collected and the oxygen consumption was measured in order to set up an energy budget of the fish over the whole experimental period. The weekly development of the body weight was recorded. The body weight gain of the fish fed diet D was significantly higher than that of the group fed diet A, which also in turn was significantly higher than that of fish fed diet B or C. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of nutrients and gross energy for the different experimental diets in fish kept in the aquaria were, for diets A, B, C and D respectively, 94.1%, 60.9%, 70.5% and 84.7% for protein, 91.3%, 60.7%, 76.8% and 71.8% for lipid; 95.9%, 44.5%, 60.6% and 69.1% for gross energy. The partial ADC of plant leaf ingredients were determined and barnyard grass and dried maize leaves were found to be not only poorly digestible but having negative impact on the digestibility of the reference diet, while fresh maize leaves were well digested. The results of the present study indicated that fresh maize leaves have a good potential to be used as supplement in diets for grass carp.     

网箱养草对养殖水体的净化效果

在室外养殖池塘中进行异育银鲫和网箱养草(菹草)的混养实验,旨在通过监测室外池塘养殖系统中水体主要理化因子,探讨网箱养草对养殖水体主要营养盐的去除效果。结果表明:在本次试验的鱼草共生系统中,网箱养草对水体具有明显的净化效果,能有效去除水体中的N、P等营养性物质。     

复合益生菌对草鱼养殖水体水质和菌群结构的影响

为研究草鱼养殖水体中添加复合益生菌水质调节剂对水体水质和菌群的调节作用,实验采用氮磷等指标监测水质,采用454焦磷酸盐测序方法分析菌群结构,结果显示,处理组的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和总氮浓度一直低于对照组,但差异不显著;处理组硝酸盐氮浓度低于对照组,且在18d下降了56.59％;处理组的总无机氮含量低于对照组,且在15d下降了28.75％.处理组正磷酸盐和总磷浓度略低于对照组,无显著差异.15 d水样的454焦磷酸盐测序结果与对照组相比,处理组菌群多样性更高,厚壁菌门和变形菌门分别减少了91.21％和21.75％,拟杆菌、放线菌和蓝细菌分别增加了288％、435％和848％.在变形菌门中,α-变形杆菌和β-变形杆菌分别比对照组提高了318％和18％,γ-变形杆菌比对照组降低了78.82％.研究表明,该复合益生菌具有一定水质调控功能,且能显著改变菌群结构.     

体重和温度对草鱼摄食小浮萍的影响

研究草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)对浮萍的摄食能力及主要影响因素,为合理利用草鱼控制小江回水区浮萍暴发提供依据。草鱼(体重29.7~491.2 g)取自红安县中海农业科技有限公司渔场,小浮萍种源采自重庆市云阳县高阳镇黄莲坝库湾。在试验室条件下研究了草鱼对小浮萍的最大摄食量、最大摄食率与体重和温度的关系。结果表明,在水温(25.82±0.57)℃条件下,随着体重的增加(40.36~478.17 g),草鱼的最大摄食量增大,但最大摄食率呈减小的趋势,两者与体重的相关关系分别为C_(max)=2.460W~(0.779),FR_(max)=246.0W~(-0.221);水温(16.55~30.50℃)对草鱼的最大摄食量和最大摄食率的影响极显著(P0.01),最大摄食量和最大摄食率与水温的回归方程分别为C_(max)=0.074T~(2.045),FR_(max)=0.164T~(1.940);建立的预测不同温度和体重条件下草鱼对小浮萍最大摄食率的模型为:FR_(max)=0.410T~(1.940)W~(-0.221)。     

饲喂枯草芽孢对草鱼粪便、养殖水体中芽孢数量和水质的影响

分别在饲料中添加不同含量的枯草(Bacillus subtilis)芽孢(A组实测芽孢数量为2.6×107 cfu/g,B组为4.4×106 cfu/g,空白组为0),饲喂静水水族箱中100 g左右的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)10 d,测定饲喂枯草芽孢后草鱼粪便、养殖水体中芽孢数量和水质的变化。结果表明:(1)9 d内,水体中芽孢数量A组和B组在前6 d时不断增加,在6 d时达到稳定,其中A组和B组稳定时的含量分别为2.22×106 cfu/g和3.98×105 cfu/g。(2)10 d内,草鱼粪便干物质中的芽孢数量与饲料中的枯草芽孢含量相比,A组和B组粪便中的枯草芽孢损失率分别为89.76%～90.71%和83.83%～86.84%。(3)草鱼饲喂枯草芽孢后,A组和B组粪便中排出的枯草芽孢对水体中亚硝酸盐和氨氮有降低的趋势,但各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),对化学需氧量(COD)没有影响。     

四氯乙烯和镉联合胁迫对草鱼SOD和POD活性影响

为了考察超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)是否可以作为四氯乙烯(PCE)和镉(Cd2+)联合污染生物指标,采用静水生物测试法,研究了PCE和Cd2+联合胁迫对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肝胰脏、肾脏和鳃组织SOD以及肝胰脏、肾脏POD的影响。结果表明:(1)PCE和Cd2+复合污染胁迫时,草鱼肝胰脏SOD随着时间变化呈现"降低-升高-降低"的变化趋势,且最高浓度组始终低于对照;(2)肾脏SOD在所有暴露浓度组随着时间变化呈现"降低-升高-降低"的变化趋势,除最低浓度组在120 h显著高于对照外,其他均显著低于对照;(3)鳃组织SOD也呈现"降低-升高-降低"的变化趋势,但始终低于对照;(4)高浓度组(1/4TU和1/2TU)草鱼肝胰脏和肾脏POD活性随着暴露时间变化呈"降低-升高-降低"的变化趋势,但肝胰脏和肾脏的POD活性始终显著低于对照(P0.05);(5)草鱼鳃组织SOD活性明显低于肝胰脏和肾脏。PCE和Cd2+分别破坏了酶的蛋白结构和诱导了鱼体细胞膜的脂质过氧化,二者联合污染比单一污染加剧了草鱼的毒性效应。     

紫外线诱变建立草鱼抗出血病病原病毒的AHZC88细胞株

通过UV对草鱼出血病病原病毒敏感的草鱼ZC 7901细胞株反覆诱变,获得了对出血病病原病毒具有抗性的AHZC 88细胞株。经生物学特性测定,AHZC 88细胞的染色体2n=48,温度适应范围4°～38℃,最适生长温度27℃,分裂指数在36小时时达最高值。经病原病毒的人工侵染等试验表明,AHZC 88细胞不受草鱼出血病病毒感染。在电镜切片观察中,细胞内不见病毒颗粒。LDH同工酶分析,比敏感细胞少1条酶带。     

饲料氧化鱼油引起草鱼肠道黏膜结构屏障损伤

为了研究饲料氧化鱼油对草鱼肠道屏障结构和肠道通透性的影响。(实验目的)以豆油、鱼油、氧化鱼油作为饲料脂肪源,分别设计鱼油组(6F)、豆油组(6S)、2%氧化鱼油(2OF)、4%氧化鱼油(4OF)及6%氧化鱼油(6OF)5组等氮、等能半纯化饲料,在池塘网箱养殖草鱼(平均体重74.8士1.2)72d。采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)的方法,测定了草鱼肠道紧密连接蛋白中闭锁蛋白Occludin,闭合蛋白Claudin3、Claudin15a和胞浆蛋白ZO-1、ZO-2、ZO-3的基因表达活性,并结合肠黏膜细胞间紧密连接结构透射电镜观察结果、肠道通透性标志性指标测定结果综合分析。(实验方法)结果显示：在添加氧化鱼油后,(1)血清二胺氧化酶活性、内毒素和D-乳酸含量都出现显著增加(P<0.05);(2)组成肠黏膜细胞间紧密连接结构的闭合蛋白Claudin-3、Claudin-15a和胞浆蛋白ZO-1、ZO-2、ZO-3基因表达活性显著下调(P<0.05),而闭锁蛋白Occludin基因表达活性出现不同程度的下调,但差异不显著(P>0.05);(3)透射电镜观察结果显示肠黏膜细胞间紧密连接结构出现缝隙;⑷饲料中的AV值、POV值、MDA含量与闭合蛋白Claudin-3、Claudin-15a,胞浆蛋白ZO-1、ZO-2、ZO-3和闭锁蛋白Occludin基因表达活性均显示负相关关系的变化趋势,其中饲料POV值、MDA含量与胞浆蛋白ZO-1基因表达活性呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。(实验结果)结果表明,在饲料中添加氧化鱼油后,氧化鱼油中的过氧化物、丙二醛等油脂氧化产物导致组成肠道黏膜细胞间紧密连接结构的蛋白基因表达活性显著下调、紧密连接物理性结构显著损伤,致使肠黏膜屏障结构的完整性被破坏、肠黏膜通透性显著增加。(实验结论)     

草鱼出血病的病原研究

草鱼出血病的病原研究,始于50年代。1978—84年,分离到一种病原病毒,定名为草鱼呼肠孤病毒或鱼呼肠孤病毒。本文报道从出血病病鱼组织的电镜研究中发现两种病毒颗料,一种即是呼肠孤病毒,另一种是20-30nm大小的病毒。经病毒的核酸分析,前者是双股RNA病毒;后者为单股RNA病毒。用分离到的这两种病毒分别注入1足龄健康草鱼,可发生两类不同症状的出血病;呼肠孤病毒主要导致“肠出血型”症状;另一种病毒(经初步鉴别属于小RNA病毒科病毒)主要导致“肌肉出血型”出血病。由此,可以证实两种病毒都是草鱼出血病的病原病毒,同时也初步解释出现两种不同症状出血病的原因。