饲粮精粗比对瘤胃内纤维消化动力学参数的影响

用三头瘘管牛、三种精料水平的饲粮(其精料比分别为:5％、40％和75％),按3×3拉丁方设计,测定了放置在瘤胃内的尼龙袋中的氨化麦秸粉在8—96小时间的中性洗涤纤维的残留率。按照 Waldo 及 Mertens 的纤维消化动力学模型配合回归曲线,以检验饲粮的不同精粗比对瘤胃内纤维消化动力学参数的影响。同时用铬媒染纤维法测定了瘤胃食糜的流通速度常数(Kp)。结果表明:①瘤胃内饲料纤维的消化动力学参数受饲粮精料比的影响,消化停滞期 L 有随精料比的增加而延长的趋势。消化速度常数(Kd)和可消化度(PED)在低、中(5％、40％)精料比水平间差异不显著,而高(75％)精料水平与低中精料水平比,Kd 和 PED 有显著的减少。在限量饲喂的情况下,各精料水平间,Kp 的差异不显著,但高精料水平的 Kp有降低的趋势。②在为体重1.7％的进食水平下,饲料纤维在瘤胃内的有效消化度(EED),有随精料水平增加而降低的趋势。③使用尼龙袋法,不同时间点的纤维残留率(Rt)对 EED 的线性回归,以 R_(48)对 EED 的相关最好(r=0.82)。     

Determination of microbial mineralization activity in soil by modified Wright and Hobbie method

Summary The Wright and Hobbie (1966) procedure, originally proposed for measurements of microbial activity in water, was adapted for soil studies. It was critically assessed, both for technical details and for the theoretical background of the isotope dilution principle. The heterogeneity of the soil microbial community was taken into account by introducing a double Michaelis-Menten equation instead of the simple Michaelis-Menten form. More complicated models were unsuitable because the kinetic parameters were not sufficiently stable in view of fluctuations of the experimental data within the measurement error. An integrated form of kinetic equation was preferable to a differential one, and a non-linear regression was better than a linear analysis of transformed data. In grey forest soil the heterotrophic potential of microorganisms was estimated to be 1.31 and 4.26 mg C h^–1 kg^–1 of soil for oligotrophic and copiotrophic components, respectively. The turnover time of indigenous, readily available, soil organic matter was 2.82 h.     

4-脱氧-4-己烯糖醛酸水解动力学

利用紫外光谱测定了云杉硫酸盐4-脱氧-4-己烯糖醛酸在甲酸钠中水解动力学。结果表明该水解反应为一反应速度较快的拟一级反应。此外,该水解反应的选择性较高,可望应用在无元素氯(ECF)和全无氯(TCF)漂白技术中。     

硅酸盐木材胶黏剂的固化动力学特征

为探讨硅酸盐木材胶黏剂的固化过程和固化特性,通过胶黏剂中水分蒸发速率测定试验,对不同温度下胶黏剂固化过程中的失水规律和动力学特征进行了研究。结果表明:硅酸盐胶黏剂的固化是物理作用和化学作用联合的结果,物理作用中的失水过程是控制固化速度的关键步骤,而且失水率随时间的变化规律可用非线性方程X=X_∞/1+be~(-kt)来描述。硅酸盐胶黏剂的固化可大致分为3个阶段,均具有非整数级动力学特征,活化能分别为16.78、23.02kJ/mol和52.29kJ/mol。     

树脂酸聚合反应过程的研究

研究了用凝胶色谱法测定树脂酸聚合反应中二聚体含量的分析方法,并结合对其中未聚树脂酸的气相色谱分析,研究了以硫酸为催化剂、氯仿为溶剂时,树脂酸异构、聚合、氧化、歧化诸反应及其相互关系。实验结果表明:枞酸型树脂酸的异构反应速度大于聚合反应速度。聚合反应的进行不影响异构反应的平衡。在硫酸的作用下,少量树脂酸发生歧化反应,但大量去氢枞酸的产生,主要是由于硫酸的氧化作用。实验中没有观察到空气中的氧对反应有影响。本文还较详细地研究了枞酸的异构—聚合反应动力学,根据动力学数据,求得了反应速度常数及活化能,并提出了枞酸异构——聚合反应可能的机理。     

低分子量有机酸对钾长石中结构钾释放的影响研究

草酸络合能力强，水解能力亦很强，活化钾能力最强，其次为苹果酸。柠檬酸、酒石酸、乙酸、乳酸活化钾的能力基本相同。Elovich方程判定系数R^2为0．953～0．996，双常数方程的判定系数R^2为0．958～0．996，拟合效果较好，达极显著水平；抛物线扩散方程判定系数R^2为0．846～0．941，拟合效果较差。     

Preparation of Core-shell Magnetic Rosin-based Polymer Microspheres and Their Adsorption Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Mn2+北大核心CSCD

The core-shell magnetic rosin-based polymer microspheres Fe3O4@RPM were synthesized by chemical precipitation and suspension polymerization with maleic rosin ethylene glycol acrylate as cross-linking agent, methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate as monomers, and Fe3O4 as a magnetic core. The preparation conditions were optimized. The structure of Fe3O4@RPM was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction instrument(XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), and so on. The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics for adsorbing Mn2+ were studied through static adsorption experiments. The results showed that the preparation conditions of the polymeric magnetic microspheres with phenanthrene framework were shaking at the speed of 400 r/min,adding 1 g azodiisobutyronitrile as initiator and reacting for 4 h at 70 ℃. The second-order kinetics model could well describe the adsorption process of Mn2+ in the experimental range of concentration and temperature, the adsorption thermodynamic studies showed that ΔH >0,ΔG <0,ΔS >0,which indicated that the adsorption was a spontaneous endothermic process. © 2018, Editorial Board of «Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products». All right reserved.     

Studies on glutathione transferase from grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus)

Glutathione transferase (GST) was purified from the hindgut of grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus) a polyphagous insect. The purified enzyme had a native molecular weight of 40 kDa and a subunit molecular weight of 19 kDa. The purified enzyme could conjugate glutathione (GSH) with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), paranitrobenzylchloride, paranitrophenylacetate, 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBDCl), and 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB) with specific activities of 3.3 ± 0.3, 0.49 ± 0.10, 0.10 ± 0.002, 1.2 ± 0.2, and 1.7 ± 0.4 μmol/min/mg protein, respectively. CDNB appears to be the best substrate with a specificity constant, k_cat/K_m, of 1.8 ± 0.1 × 10⁻⁴ M⁻¹ S⁻¹. The kinetic mechanism of Z. variegatus GST (zvGST) in the conjugation of GSH with some electrophilic substrates appears complex. Conjugation of GSH with DCNB was inhibited by high DCNB concentration, while with NBDCl, as the electrophilic substrates, different values of K_m were obtained at high and low concentrations of the substrates. Cibacron blue, hematin, S-hexylglutathione, and oxidized glutathione inhibited the enzyme with I₅₀ values of 0.057 ± 0.004, 0.80 ± 0.2, 33 ± 2 μM, and 5.2 ± 0.3 mM, respectively. The nature of inhibition by each of these inhibitors is either competitive or non-competitive at varying GSH or CDNB as substrates. NADH and NAD⁺ inhibited the enzyme with an I₅₀ value of 0.4 ± 0.01 and 11 ± 1 mM, respectively. NADH at a concentration of 0.54 mM completely abolished the activity. As part of its adaptation, the flexible kinetic pathway of detoxication by zvGST may assist the organism in coping with various xenobiotics encountered in its preferred food plants.     

夏玉米叶、鞘、茎和穗干物质积累的动力学研究

通过田间小区试验,对比研究施用氮肥和钾肥对夏玉米叶、鞘、茎和穗的积累速度、分期时长和积累量的影响。结果表明,夏玉米干物质累积进程采用logistic方程分段函数法模拟效果良好,相关系数R值达0.93以上。夏玉米所有器官中,果穗干物质积累量最高,占总生物量的66.1%~74.2%。N处理果穗干物质积累主要发生在积累中期,此时期积累的干物重占果穗干重的59.7%;K处理果穗干物质积累在3个时期分布均匀,前、中、后期干物质积累量分别占果穗干重的31.0%、30.3%和38.7%。N肥明显增强了营养器官(包括叶片、叶鞘、茎)的干物质积累速度,增大了积累量,但是到生育后期积累速度和积累量均下降。K肥的生物效应表现为维持植株营养器官在生育后期的积累活性,积累速度和积累量几乎不降低。     

光散射技术在土壤胶体颗粒相互作用研究中的应用

由于测试手段的限制,目前对土壤中粒径为0·001～1μm的"超微粒子"之间相互作用的微观效应研究还未引起足够的重视。本文从散射角和悬液颗粒密度两个方面讨论了光散射技术在土壤胶体研究中的应用条件,探讨了土壤胶体颗粒凝聚动力学机制及形成的聚合体结构特征。结果表明:(1)对于本实验所用黄壤悬液,应用光散射准确测定的散射角范围为90°～135°,初始颗粒密度范围为1·90×10-3～0·119gL-1。(2)在自相关曲线平滑地衰减至基线且散射光强保持不变的条件下,可以用光散射技术准确测定土壤胶体颗粒凝聚过程中有效直径、最可几粒径及粒径分布的变化,反映凝聚动力学规律。(3)在298K、90mmolL-1KNO3体系中用动态光散射测得黄壤胶体颗粒凝聚动力学为扩散控制团簇聚集机制,用静态光散射测得形成的聚合体分形维数为1·56±0·02。