高寒草甸植物叶片生态化学计量特征对长期氮肥添加的响应

氮(N)是植物生长发育所需的基本元素,人为N添加已成为陆地生态系统N输入的主要形式。施N作为改善土壤养分条件的重要途径,可改变土壤理化性质,也会对植物叶片生态化学计量特征产生影响。本研究在2012年5月设置0(CK)、10(N₁₀)、20(N₂₀)、30(N₃₀)g·m^-2·a^-1的N添加试验,并于2018年8月采集禾本科、莎草科、豆科和杂类草叶片,测定其碳(C)、N、磷(P)含量,分析不同水平N添加下植物叶片生态化学计量特征的差异,探索长期N添加下植物叶片生态化学计量特征变化的影响因素。结果表明:1)N添加显著提高了禾本科叶片碳(LC)含量而显著降低了豆科LC含量(P<0.05),莎草科和杂类草LC含量变化不显著(P>0.05)。随施N量增加,4种功能群叶片氮(LN)含量均显著增加(P<0.05),而叶片磷(LP)含量变化趋势不一致。2)N添加下4种功能群植物叶片碳氮比(LC/N)整体呈下降趋势,叶片氮磷比(LN/P)和叶片碳磷比(LC/P)呈上升趋势。3)...     

Relative importance of habitat area and isolation for bird occurrence patterns in a naturally patchy landscape

There is debate among ecologists about whether total habitat area or patch arrangement contributes most to population and/or community responses to fragmented or patchy landscapes. We tested the relative effects of patch area and isolation for predicting bird occurrence in a naturally patchy landscape in the Bear River Mountains of Northern Utah, USA. We selected focal patches (mountain meadows) ranging in elevation from 1,920 to 2,860 m and in size from 0.6 to 182 ha. Breeding birds were sampled in each focal meadow during the summers of 2003 and 2004 using variable-distance point transects. Logistic regression and likelihood-based model selection were used to determine the relationship between likelihood of occurrence of three bird species (Brewer’s sparrow, vesper sparrow, and white-crowned sparrow) and area, isolation, and proximity metrics. We used model weights and model-averaged confidence intervals to assess the importance of each predictor variable. Plots of area versus isolation were used to evaluate complex relationships between the variables. We found that meadow area was the most important variable for explaining occurrence for two species, and that isolation was the most important for the other. We also found that the absolute distance was more appropriate for evaluating isolation responses than was the species-specific proximity metric. Our findings add clarity to the debate between ecologists regarding the relative importance of area and isolation in species responses to patchy landscapes.     

Assessing the efficacy and impact of management of an invasive species in a protected area: Poa annua on sub‐Antarctic Macquarie Island

Plant eradication is difficult, particularly in remote, protected areas. The Southern Ocean Islands are very isolated and highly protected, but the flora contains many alien plants. Small restricted populations have been eradicated, but eradication of established species has proven difficult. A better understanding of the efficacy of control methods at sub‐Antarctic temperatures and their off‐target impacts may increase eradication success. With interest in controlling non‐native Poa annua in the region, we aimed to determine if physical and chemical methods can control P. annua (the sub‐Antarctic biotype) in sub‐Antarctic conditions and examined their impact on native plants. We quantified the effectiveness of physical control methods on P. annua in situ on sub‐Antarctic Macquarie Island through field‐based experiments and assessed their selectivity on P. annua compared with native grasses. We also quantified the effectiveness of several herbicides on P. annua at sub‐Antarctic temperatures and assessed their selectivity on native grasses. Of the four physical disturbance methods tested, none effectively reduced P. annua cover as one‐off treatments. Of the herbicide treatments, glyphosate and trifloxysulfuron sodium were effective and were less damaging to native grass species, indicating potential selectivity. Physical control was of limited effectiveness, but did not affect native species richness. An integrated weed management programme utilising the strategic use of selective herbicides with follow‐up chemical and physical intervention may balance control and biodiversity outcomes. This research highlights the importance of site‐specific testing of control methods and understanding off‐target impacts of control when managing alien plant species in protected areas.     

生物炭对草甸黑土物理性质及雨后水分动态变化的影响

为探明生物炭对草甸黑土物理性质及雨后水分动态变化的影响,在大豆全生育期生长条件下,研究了东北黑土区草甸黑土5种生物炭添加量(0、25、50、75、100 t/hm2)下土壤物理性质(包括:土壤水分特征曲线、土壤含水率常数、土壤水分扩散率)和单次降雨土壤含水率变化特征,分析了生物炭对黑土区草甸黑土耕层土壤持水能力及雨后水分动态变化的影响。结果表明,施用生物炭能降低土壤残余含水率,增加土壤饱和含水率和田间持水量,其中对残余含水率的影响最显著,100 t/hm~2生物炭处理使残余含水率最多降低27.6%;施用生物炭能明显降低土壤水分扩散率,随生物炭添加量的增加依次比对照组减少34.8%、37.5%、71.4%和58.9%;在单次降雨过程中,施用生物炭能减小土壤含水率的变化幅度,使土壤含水率在降雨之后更快地由迅速下降期进入缓慢下降期,并能明显提高缓慢下降期对应的土壤含水率;施用生物炭可以提高大豆产量,以75 t/hm~2生物炭处理最高。研究结果可为黑土区农业水土资源高效利用与保护提供理论依据。     

生物炭对东北草甸黑土水分运动参数的影响

为探明添加生物炭对东北草甸黑土水力学特性的影响,研究了以5种生物炭体积比(0、2%、4%、6%、8%)施入土壤后的土壤水分运动参数。采用土壤的VAN GENUCHTEN模型和MUALEM理论,推导出添加生物炭土壤的水分特征曲线、相对导水率和水分扩散率方程,并用试验校验理论推导结果。理论和试验结果表明,添加生物炭土壤的饱和度随基质吸力的变化接近无添加的土壤;当基质吸力低于2 000 cm时,添加生物炭能够大大提高土壤的含水率,当基质吸力高于8 000 cm时,土壤的含水率不一定增加;水平土柱吸渗试验表明,生物炭能够抑制土壤水分的水平扩散;数值模拟降雨后的土壤含水率与田间实测数值相比误差小于13.3%。研究可为东北黑土区农业水土保护和利用提供理论依据。     

河北主要土壤中Cd和Pb的形态分布及其影响因素

采用网室盆栽试验和大田取样 ,运用连续提取方法 ,研究了河北平原潮土和潮褐土两种土壤中Cd、Pb的化学形态特征及与其影响因素的关系。结果表明 :随着Cd、Pb污染程度的增加 ,其交换态有增加趋势。当高浓度重金属污染土壤时 ,Cd(潮土 >1mgkg- 1、潮褐土 >5mgkg- 1)主要以交换态存在 ,并表现为 :交换态 >碳酸盐结合态 >铁锰氧化物结合态 >有机结合态 >残留态 ;Pb主要以碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态存在。在低浓度重金属污染的土壤中 ,Cd (潮土 <1mgkg- 1、潮褐土 <5mgkg- 1)的残留态、有机结合态成倍增加 ,甚至超过交换态 ,表现为 :残留态 >碳酸盐结合态 >有机结合态 >交换态 >铁锰氧化物结合态 ;Pb主要以铁锰氧化物结合态和残留态存在。Cd、Pb在土壤中的分布与土壤的pH值 ,有机质含量密切相关。     

高寒矮嵩草草甸地面热源强度及与生物量关系的初步研究

在青藏高原海北高寒矮嵩草草甸地区,依据2002年涡度相关法观测的能量平衡各分量资料和6-10月植物地上、地下生物量测定值,分析了高寒矮嵩草草甸近地表热量平衡、地面热源强度的变化特征,讨论了地面热源强度与植物生物量季节变化过程中的相互关系。结果表明:在青藏高原海北高寒矮嵩草草甸地区,年内地面均为热源,热源强度季节变化明显,地面热源强度年平均为88.5 W/m2;地上生物量季节变化与热源强度具有显著的正相关关系,而地下生物量季节变化与热源强度关系不明显。     

放牧对小嵩草草甸土壤酶活性及土壤环境因素的影响

观测了放牧对高寒小嵩草草甸土壤酶活性及土壤环境因素的影响,结果表明:①随着放牧压力的增大,植被盖度、地上生物量、土壤有机质、全氮、硝态氮、全磷、有效磷、土壤水分明显下降,而地下生物量、土壤容重、pH及根土比呈现增大趋势,不同放牧处理间植物群落特征及土壤理化特性显示出明显的差异(P0.05);②纤维素分解酶、多酚氧化酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性均随放牧压力增大而下降,只有过氧化氢酶以轻牧最高,各处理间上述土壤酶活性差异程度不同;③随着土壤深度的增加,土壤水分含量、地下生物量、根土比、土壤有机质及氮、磷养分等明显下降,而土壤容重和pH逐渐增大,且不同层次之间存在显著的差异(P0.05);④除过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶外,其它土壤酶活性随土壤深度的加深显著减小。     

山西云顶山亚高山草甸优势种种间关系分析

为揭示山西云顶山亚高山草甸植物群落优势种的种间关系,本研究通过种间联结性和相关性测定,对其植物群落13个优势种78个种对的种间关系进行研究。结果表明:13个优势种间大部分种对的种间关联不显著,种间联结不紧密,说明山西云顶山亚高山草甸植物群落结构不很稳定,存在一定程度的生态退化风险;多数原生优势种在群落中占据主要位置,同时也出现少数非原生优势种优势明显,有逐渐取代典型原生优势种的逆行演替趋势,这是由于人类频繁的旅游扰动所致。因此,应当合理的控制旅游开发强度与游客数量,保持亚高山草甸生态系统的稳定与自我维持,以持续高效的维持云顶山亚高山草甸的经济及生态价值。     

淹水条件下改良剂对苏打盐化草甸土的洗盐效应

为明确改良剂在苏打盐化草甸土不同深度土层的改良效果,采用室内淋溶土柱的试验方法,设置S0、S1、S2、S3、S4和S5(每个土柱横截面积0.0113 m~2)分别施用改良剂0.00、0.01、0.05、0.10、0.50 g和1.00 g,折合成公顷用量分别为0.0、8.9、44.3、88.5、442.5 kg·hm~(-2)和885.1 kg·hm~(-2))6个处理,分析淹水条件下不同改良剂用量对苏打盐化草甸土的洗盐效应。结果表明,与未施改良剂处理(S0)相比,S3、S4和S5处理显著降低不同土层(0～30cm)土壤容重(降幅3.88%～8.87%)、增加土壤孔隙度(增幅3.82%～9.38%)、降低土壤pH值(降幅2.36%～8.05%);S2、S3、S4和S5处理显著提高20～40 cm土壤水分入渗量,增幅55.9%～294.6%(P0.05);施用改良剂处理交换性Na~+含量在0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层显著降低,降幅4.84%～56.5%(P0.05),20～30 cm和30～40 cm土层中增幅1.09%～17.1%;S3、S4和S5处理0～10 cm土层电导率显著降低,降幅49.0%～60.4%(P0.05),20～40 cm土层显著增加,增幅3.68%～19.8%(P0.05);S2、S3、S4、S5处理10～20 cm土层碳酸根含量显著降低,降幅5.98%～23.4%(P0.05),S3、S4、S5处理0～30 cm土层碳酸氢根含量降幅1.49%～18.0%;S2、S3、S4和S5处理显著提高0～30 cm≥0.25 mm水稳性团聚体,增幅达16.4%～161.7%(P0.05);S3、S4和S5处理0～30 cm土层MWD显著增加,增幅达5.78%～161.7%(P0.05)。针对本次供试土壤盐渍化程度,综合改良效果及改良剂施用量,改良剂适宜用量为每个土柱0.10 g(88.5 kg·hm~(-2))(S3处理),可达到最优淋洗效果。