油研9号氮、钾、硼肥的施用技术

为了探讨油菜良种良法配套栽培技术,以新品种油研9号进行了氮肥的不同施用比例、钾肥的不同施用量、硼肥的不同施用方式的研究。结果表明:在相同施氮量下,以基肥:苗肥:薹肥为3:4:3时产量最高,与5:3:2和6:2:2 的施用比例达显著性差异;与4:3:3的施用比例差异不显著。不同钾肥施用量以底施氯化钾15 kg／667m2产量最高,底施氯化钾均与不施氯化钾达极显著性差异,但底施氯化钾15 kg／667m2比底施氯化钾7．5 kg／667m2增产不显著。不同硼肥的施用方式,以薹施硼肥1 kg／667m2产量最高,薹施(1kg／667m2)、底施(1 kg／667m2)、花喷(100g／667m2)硼肥分别比不施硼肥增产 31．5％、22．8％、5．5％,施用硼肥与不施硼肥均达显著性差异,薹施和底施硼肥增产效果明显,花喷增产效果较差。     

中国小麦土壤速效钾丰缺指标与适宜施钾量研究

系统总结我国开展的小麦土壤速效钾丰缺指标与适宜施钾量研究,结果表明:30a来我国小麦土壤速效钾丰缺指标明显提高;不同区域之间小麦土壤速效钾丰缺指标差异颇大,以缺钾处理相对产量90%指标为例,土壤NH4OAc-K含量变动于80～246 mg/kg;除黄淮海平原、四川盆地、关中灌区和河套灌区外,我国小麦土壤速效钾丰缺指标研究存在很多空白区域;小麦土壤缺钾较为普遍,第2～4级为土壤速效钾集中分布的丰缺级别,缺钾处理相对产量大多处在70%～100%;土壤养分丰缺指标研究的试验点数不宜过少,丰缺指标高端和低端采用外推数据需谨慎,并应予以注明;适宜施钾量与土壤速效钾丰缺级别线性负相关,与小麦目标产量线性正相关,与钾肥当季利用率线性负相关;当钾肥当季利用率50%、目标产量3.0～12 t/hm2时,土壤速效钾丰缺级别第1～7级的小麦适宜施钾量范围依次为0、17～67、34～134、50～202、67～269、84～336和101～403 kg/hm2。     

Under drought conditions NaCl improves the nutritional status of the xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum but not of the glycophyte Arabidopsis thaliana

Zygophyllum xanthoxylum is a salt‐accumulating xerophytic species with excellent adaptability to adverse environments. Previous studies demonstrated that Z. xanthoxylum absorbs a great quantity of Na⁺ as an osmoregulatory substance under arid conditions. To investigate the nutritional status of Z. xanthoxylum in comparison with a typical glycophyte, Arabidopsis thaliana, seedlings were exposed to NaCl (50 mM for Z. xanthoxylum and 5 mM for A. thaliana), osmotic stress (–0.5 MPa), and osmotic stress combined with the NaCl treatment. Compared to the control, NaCl treatment or osmotic stress significantly increased Na⁺ concentration in leaves and roots of Z. xanthoxylum, but not of A. thaliana. Under osmotic stress, the addition of NaCl significantly increased Na⁺ concentration in leaves and roots of Z. xanthoxylum, resulting in improved biomass and tissue water content. However, such changes were not observed in A. thaliana. Compared to the control, K⁺ concentrations in leaves and roots remained unchanged in Z. xanthoxylum when exposed to osmotic stress, with or without additional 50 mM NaCl. In contrast, significant reductions in shoot K⁺ concentrations of A. thaliana were observed under osmotic stress alone or when combined with 5 mM NaCl. Moreover, NaCl alone or when combined with osmotic stress enhanced the accumulation of N, P, Fe, Si, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ in Z. xanthoxylum, but did not cause such nutritional changes in A. thaliana. Compared to the glycophyte A. thaliana, Z. xanthoxylum could accumulate Na⁺ and maintain the stability of nutritional status at a relatively constant level to cope with drought stress.     

氮肥用量对油菜//蚕豆间作系统作物产量及养分吸收的影响

油菜间作蚕豆方式中的养分吸收利用特征少见报道,本研究通过田间小区试验探讨了不同施氮水平下间作对作物产量及氮、钾养分吸收利用的影响。通过研究表明,油菜间作蚕豆具有显著的间作产量优势,间作方式中油菜的竞争能力强于蚕豆。间作平均提高油菜产量15.6%～44.5%,提高蚕豆产量12.1%～26%。不同施氮条件下,间作土地当量比（LER）=1.14～1.67,N112.5条件下LER最大,N225条件下,作物产量最高。间作提高了油菜地上部氮吸收量,其中间作第一行间作第三行单作,在农民习惯施肥水平（N337.5）条件下间作养分吸收优势消失。随着氮肥施用量的增加,单、间作油菜氮吸收量随之增加。间作油菜子粒氮吸收量、钾吸收量在推荐施氮（N225）条件下达到最大值。不同施氮条件下,单、间作油菜地上部钾吸收量没有差异。间作促进氮素营养由营养器官向生殖器官转移,但对钾素营养的分配没有影响。     

吉林省大豆种植区土壤主要营养元素与大豆产量的相互关系研究

土壤中的营养元素是评价土壤自然肥力的主要因素之一。本文对吉林省大豆种植区土壤中的主要营养元素N、P、K的供应水平进行了分析 ,并探讨了它们与大豆产量之间关系。研究表明 :吉林省大豆种植区土壤供氮水平属于中级 ,供磷和供钾水平属于高级 ,并当土壤碱解氮 :有效磷 :有效钾接近 1∶0 .3～ 0 .4∶1.7～ 1.8时 ,大豆单产水平较高 ,为提高大豆单产、指导科学施肥提供了科学依据     

水稻耐盐机理的研究：Ⅱ,不同基因型愈伤组织耐盐性比较

氯化钠胁迫对水稻愈伤组织的生长有明显的影响。表现为存活率下降、生长量减少以及干/鲜值增加等。然而用上述指标进行比较,具有植株水平耐盐性差异的不同基因型,愈伤组织之间却没有显著差异,表明植株水平的耐盐程度与愈伤组织的耐盐程度之间没有直接联系。在氯化钠胁迫的情况下,耐盐基因型愈伤组织的K~+含量低于盐敏感基因型,而前者的Na~+和Cl~-含量却略高于后者。这种趋势与植株水平不一致,暗示了愈伤组织水平对无机离子的吸收可能具有与植株水平不同的机制。     

新型小麦雄性不育系—K、V型初步研究

（1）对西北农大提供的六个K、V型小麦不育系进行自交和测交鉴定的结果：K80（6）A、K陕7859A、K83（37）65A和K（D1／9615）A的不育性不稳定；K－149A育性有轻度分离；V－77（2）A不育性稳定。（2）对K、V、T型不育系雄性器官观察比较，V型不育系花粉败3充比之K型完全，近似于T型不育系。（3）分析测交父本的血缘，具有1B／1R血缘的小麦品种（系）绝大多数为K、V型的保持系。非1B／1R血缘的绝大多数为其恢复系，但恢复度普遍偏低。（4）V型不育系及其测交杂种产生单倍体的频率高于K型。     

A new method for measuring microbial biomass nitrogen in soils: Direct extraction after toluene treatment

Abstract

Phenolic compounds occurring naturally are reducing agents which react with hydrous Fe oxide and Mn oxides (Lehmann et al. 1987). Diphenols such as hydroquinone, resorcinol, and catechol were oxidatively darkened by the presence of hydrous Fe oxide though the degree of darkening was much less pronounced than that by Mn oxides (Shindo and Huang 1984). Okazaki et al. (1976) suggested that polyphenols are one of the materials responsible for the dissolution of Mn in a paddy soil under reducing conditions.     

Interaction Between Salinity Stress and Verticillium Wilt Disease in Three Pistachio Rootstocks in a Calcareous Soil

ABSTRACT

The interaction between soil salinity and infection caused by Verticillium dahliae was studied in pistachio (Pistacia vera) in a greenhouse experiment. Treatments consisted of 0, 1400, 2800, and 4200 mg sodium chloride (NaCl) kg^{? 1} soil and three rootstocks (Sarakhs, Badami, and Qazvini cultivars). They were gradually exposed to salinity stress before and/or after root inoculation with a water suspension of 10⁷ conidia/mL of a pistachio isolate of V. dahliae. Salt stress significantly increased rootstock shoot and root colonization by V. dahliae. All rootstocks were susceptible to V. dahliae, but symptoms of the disease appeared earlier in Sarakhs, a salt sensitive cultivar. Moreover, salinity and V. dahliae interaction increased the concentrations of sodium (Na), potassium (K) and chloride (Cl), but decreased the K/Na ratio in all rootstocks. Shoot and root tissues of inoculated Sarakhs and Qazvini (a salt tolerant) contained the highest and the lowest concentrations of Na, K,and Cl, respectively. In salinity treatments, shoot and root dry weight of all rootstocks decreased as compared with controls. Sarakhs showed smaller shoot and root dry weight than Qazvini and Badami. Also, increasing the NaCl level increased accumulation of Na, K, and Cl in shoot and root of the rootstocks. Sarakhs showed higher concentrations of ions in the shoot and root. Based on shoot and root dry weights and ion accumulation, Sarakhs and Qazvini were susceptible and tolerant to salinity, respectively.     

Dry matter and primary nutrient accumulation in soybeans as affected by combined Nitrogen levels

Nodulating and non‐nodulating soybeans were grown on a Alfic Udipsamment and a Typic Hapludoll amended with 10 or 100 kg N/ha. Tissue and grain samples were analyzed to determine N₂‐fixation, dry matter, and N, P, and K accumulation. Highest grain yields were associated with the highest levels of N₂‐fixation and N and K accumulation in grain. The largest dry matter production was by nodulating plants grown on a high soil N regime. Nodulating plants accumulated more grain and tissue N, P, and K than non‐nodulating plants. Nitrogen stress increased P concentrations in both grain and tissue and decreased harvest indices.