基于地表水目标水质的畜禽粪便水环境承载力估算

针对南方水网地区畜禽养殖业发展受限问题,以浙江省江山港流域为研究对象,实地调研核定流域水污染物来源途径与入河污染负荷量;基于QUAL2K模型,建立地表水水质响应模型,评估江山港流域在达到目标水质时的畜禽粪便水环境承载力;运用情景分析法探究畜禽养殖与地表水水质响应关系。结果表明：1)2020年江山港流域入河负荷量为190.564 t（以氨氮计）,土壤流失、污水处理厂、化肥施用、有机肥施用和水产养殖分别占总负荷的70.0%、14.8%、11.0%、2.8%和1.4%。2）当水质目标设定为达到Ⅰ类和优于Ⅱ类时,江山港流域能承载畜禽最大养殖量分别为133.5万和1 622.1万头猪当量,当前养殖规模未超载。3）江山港流域地表水水质对畜禽养殖量的响应关系弱,畜禽养殖不是流域水环境保护的制约因素。建议江山港流域加强生态沟渠的建设与管理,协同实现畜禽养殖业发展与水环境保护。     

大肠杆菌k88ac菌毛蛋白亚基因的克隆、表达及亲和层析纯化

利用PCR技术,从E.coli C83902中扩增出不含信号肽序列的K88ac菌毛蛋白亚基基因片段,将其克隆到表达载体pQE-30中,构建了原核表达载体pQE30-K88ac,并转入E.coli XL1-Blue中。经IPTG诱导后,由T5启动子调控表达了氨基端带6个连续组氨酸残基的以包涵体形式存在的K88ac蛋白,在变性条件下对目的蛋白进行纯化,并获得了高纯度的融合蛋白。     

鳙在不同保藏温度下的鲜度变化

为了阐明不同保藏温度对淡水鱼类鲜度变化的影响,采用K值、TVB-N、细菌总数和感官检定等 4种鲜度指标,对鳙在 20℃～-3℃范围的 5种不同温度贮藏中的鲜度变化进行比较系统的测定和考察。结果表明:(1)鳙的鲜度变化。在20℃和10℃常温下速度很快,保鲜期从数小时到4天;在 0℃前后的3种低温下速度变慢,保鲜期最长的可达 11天。(2)4种鲜度指标中,以感官的一、二、三级为基准,K 值的一、二级鲜度大体高于或等于感官的一、二级;而 TVB-N 一、二级鲜度(也包括细菌总数)则大体相当于或低于感官二、三级,显示了K值作为代表鱼体死后早期高鲜度等级的特征。(3)计算K 值变化速度常数 k_f 值表明 20℃的 K值变化速度较 10℃高6.3倍,而10℃较0℃仅高3.9倍,显示保持接近 0℃的低温,能明显抑制K值的变化,保持较好的鲜度。文中并指出了在5℃以下的低温范围,由于TVB-N 的数量水平偏低,似不适于作为鳙一类淡水鱼鳞度指标,认为在我国采用 K 值鲜度指标更适合淡水鱼高鲜度质量标准的要求。     

盐碱对大鳞鳃血清渗透压、离子含量及鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力的影响

通过室内毒理实验,研究了盐度、碱度以及盐碱交互作用对大鳞9E(Barbus capito)血清渗透压、血清离子(Na~+,K~+,CI~-、尿素氮)浓度和鳃丝Na~+/K~+ -ATP酶活力的影响.单因子实验中,随着含盐水平(8 g/L,10g/L、12g/L,14 g/L)的增大,大鳞鳃血清渗透压和血清离子(Na~+,K~+,Cl~-)浓度均显著升高(P<0.05),鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力先升高后降低,受体内外渗透压差的影响最显著(P<0.05).碱度的增大(19.05 mmol/L,30.20 mmol/L,47.86mmol/L,75.86 mmol/L)能引起血清K~+和尿素氮浓度显著升高(P<0.05),但对血清渗透压和鳃丝ATP酶活力无显著影响.在双因子实验中,盐碱交互升高会引起渗透压和血清离子(Na~+,CI~-、尿素氮)显著升高(P<0.05).方差分析结果表明,盐度、碱度及交互作用均对渗透压有显著影响,影响作用最大的是盐度,其次是碱度,交互作用最小.鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性先升高后降低,最高值出现在盐度10 g/L、碱度30.20 mmol/L的正交试验组.从实验结果可得出,大鳞鳃在盐度12g/L以下的水体中能生存,在盐碱共存的环境下,能耐受的上限为盐度10 g/L、碱度30.20mmol.本研究旨在掌握大鳞鳃的生存盐碱度范围,以期为该物种的增养殖生产提供基础依据.     

K型网目对渔用乙纶网片拉伸力学性能的影响

以网片断裂强力、网片断裂伸长率和网片断裂强力保持率为指标，研究了不同K型网目对渔用乙纶网片拉伸力学性能的影响。结果表明：K型网目下网目内径之比在1.01～1．20时，网片断裂强力随着网目内径之比的增大而下降，两者呈密函数相关。同规格线的网片，K型网目下且两网目内径之比相同时，小规格网目尺寸的网片断裂强力损失小，断裂伸长率高，而大规格网目尺寸的网片断裂强力损失大．断裂伸长率低。     

Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Verfügbarkeit von Kältewirkung (Chilling) für Obstgehölze in Deutschland

To quantify the effects of climate change on fruit production in Germany, this study aimed at determining long-term trends in winter chill, as calculated with the Chilling Hours and Dynamic Models (Chill Portions). An idealized daily temperature curve was used to convert daily temperature records from 43 weather stations, taken throughout the twentieth and late nineteenth centuries, into an hourly dataset, which was then converted to units of winter chill. Besides exposing temporal trends in winter chill, the data could be spatially interpolated, yielding contiguous maps of typical winter chill in Germany around 2010, as well as chilling losses since 1950. Throughout Germany, winter chill varied between 1700 and 3000 Chilling Hours or 125 and 150 Chill Portions. The areas of highest winter chill were located in the northern parts of the country. For the whole of Germany, there were no significant temporal trends. The extent of interregional variation in winter chill depended on the chilling model used. While the Chilling Hours Model showed strong declines in winter chill for the areas around Dresden and Leipzig, as well as for the Lake Constance region, the Dynamic Model did not detect such dramatic changes. More than a decline in winter chill, increased heat during the winter months might become a challenge to German fruit growers. As already experienced during the extraordinarily warm winter of 2006/07, warm temperatures during the winter can cause fruit trees that fulfill their chilling requirements relatively early to bloom prematurely. This can then lead to elevated risk of frost damage and hamper the homogeneity of flowering.     

Water production functions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) irrigated with saline and alkali waters using double-line source sprinkler system

Expected yield losses as a function of quality and quantity of water applied for irrigation are required to formulate guidelines for the effective utilisation of marginal quality waters. In an experiment conducted during 2004-2006, double-line source sprinklers were used to determine the separate and interactive effects of saline and alkali irrigation waters on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The study included three water qualities: groundwater (GW; electrical conductivity of water, ECw 3.5 dS m⁻¹; sodium adsorption ratio, SAR 9.8 mmol L⁻¹; residual sodium carbonate, RSC, nil) available at the site, and two synthesized waters, saline (SW; ECw 9.4 dS m⁻¹, SAR 10.3 mmol L⁻¹; RSC nil) and alkali (AW; ECw 3.7 dS m⁻¹, SAR 15.1 mmol L⁻¹; RSC 9.6 meq. L⁻¹). The depths of applied SW, AW, and GW per irrigation ranged from 0.7 to 3.5 cm; the depths of applied mixtures of GW with either SW (MSW) or AW (MAW) ranged from 3.2 to 5 cm. Thereby, the water applied for post-plant irrigations using either of GW, SW or AW ranged between 15.2 and 34.6 cm and 17.1 and 48.1 cm during 2004-2005 and 2005-2006, respectively and the range was 32.1-37.0 and 53.1-60.0 cm for MSW or MAW. Grain yields, when averaged for two years, ranged between 3.08 and 4.36 Mg ha⁻¹, 2.57 and 3.70 Mg ha⁻¹ and 2.73 and 3.74 Mg ha⁻¹ with various quantities of water applied using GW, SW and AW, respectively, and between 3.47 and 3.75 Mg ha⁻¹ and 3.63 and 3.77 Mg ha⁻¹ for MSW and MAW, respectively. The water production functions developed for the two sets of water quality treatments could be represented as: RY = 0.528 + 0.843(WA/OPE) − 0.359(WA/OPE)² − 0.027ECw + 0.44 × 10⁻²(WA/OPE) × ECw for SW (R² = 0.63); RY = 0.446 + 0.816(OPE/WA) − 0.326(WA/OPE)² − 0.0124RSC − 0.55 × 10⁻⁴(WA/OPE) × RSC for AW (R² = 0.56). Here, RY, WA and OPE are the relative yields in reference to the maximum yield obtained with GW, water applied for pre- and post-plant irrigations (cm), and open pan evaporation, respectively. Crop yield increased with increasing amount of applied water for all of the irrigation waters but the maximum yields as obtained with GW, could not be attained even with increased quantities of SW and AW. Increased frequency of irrigation with sprinklers reduced the rate of yield decline with increasing salinity in irrigation water. The sodium contents of plants increased with salinity/alkalinity of sprinkled waters as also with their quantities. Simultaneous decrease in potassium contents resulted in remarkable increase in Na:K ratio.     

大豆主要过敏原Gly m Bd30K蛋白单克隆抗体的制备与应用

利用大豆主要过敏原Gly m Bd 30K蛋白抗原表位蛋白为免疫原免疫BALB/c小鼠,取免疫小鼠脾细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤NS-1细胞融合.采用半固体培养基法和有限稀释法相结合的方法快速筛选获得稳定分泌的特异性杂交瘤细胞,用杂交瘤细胞株诱生小鼠腹水,应用蛋白A亲和层析法进行抗体纯化.采用Ig类与亚类鉴定试剂盒鉴定该单克隆抗体...     

优质小麦品种郑麦9023品质特性的研究

郑麦9023是河南省优质小麦生产的主导品种。为了建立郑麦9023的优质高效生产技术体系，对该品种品质特性在河南省的地域性变化以及土壤养分、氮磷钾肥料、杀菌剂对该品种品质特性的影响进行了研究。结果表明：(1)郑麦9023的品质特性在河南省的北部地区可稳定达到优质强筋小麦国家1级标准，在中部地区总体上接近优质强筋小麦国家1级标准，在南部地区可以达到优质强筋小麦国家2级标准；(2)抽穗期土壤速效N的含量是决定郑麦9023品质水平的关键栽培因素，此时土壤速效N含量60mg／kg、80mg／kg和160mg／kg分别为郑麦9023品质达到亚强筋、强筋、超强筋的土壤N素临界值；(3)K肥对强筋品质特性具有正效应，而P肥对强筋品质特性具有负效应；(4)杀菌剂粉锈宁对强筋特性具有劣化作用，而多菌灵无此负作用。