隔坡水平沟土壤水分变化规律及利用效果

2001～2003年对隔坡水平沟土壤水分变化规律及利用效果进行了研究。结果表明:年际间,不论雨水丰欠,隔坡水平沟0～200cm土层储水量均有所增加,3年平均,水平沟玉米田增加92.0mm,马铃薯田增加132.1mm;雨季降雨量多的年份,水平沟土壤储水量增加幅度相对较大,丰水年比平水年和欠水年平均值多增加50.1mm;与坡耕地相比,水平沟玉米田比坡耕地玉米田0～200cm土层土壤含水量提高1.53%,土壤储水量增加50.4mm。年份内,全年降雨分布的不均匀,引起隔坡水平沟作物土壤水分反常变化,欠水年的严重春旱,使水平沟0～200cm土层储水量到播种时比坡耕地还少18.6mm;平水年和丰水年的严重伏旱,使雨季隔坡水平沟0～200cm土层土壤含水量低于欠水年,水平沟玉米田低3.42%～4.50%,马铃薯田低2.99%～3.25%。作物收获后,进行隔坡水平沟玉米整桔秆覆盖,既能减轻冬前土壤水分散失,又能缓解春旱,土壤冻结和播种时测定,水平沟覆盖田比不覆盖田0～100cm土层土壤含水量提高2.11%和1.19%。3年试验,与坡耕地相比,隔坡水平沟玉米比坡耕地玉米增产100.2%,降水利用提高9.3kg/mm·hm2。     

土壤水分能量与土壤生化活性

用人工模拟土柱研究了(土娄)土与河淤土的水势对土壤生化强度的影响。结果表明,在相同含水量下,由于两土壤的水分实际有效性不同,显示出两土壤生化强度的差异。从而认为在相同水势下比较土壤间的生化活性,才能真实地反映土壤水分对土壤生化活性的影响。温度引起的土壤生化强度的变化,在采用水势概念时,还包含着温度对土壤水分有效性的影响。     

温度梯度对四大家鱼临界游泳速度的影响

在水利工程建设中,鱼道是一项重要的生态补偿措施,研究鱼类游泳能力可为鱼道等过鱼设施设计提供参考数据.本研究以四大家鱼为研究对象,分别测定其在不同温度(10℃、15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃)梯度下的临界游泳速度.结果显示,在10℃～30℃温度范围内,青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)、草鱼(Cteno...     

美国科罗拉多州河道内流量保护计划及借鉴

人类大量用水减少河道内流量导致河流断流、水质恶化和生物多样性下降等生态环境问题,如何合理利用河流水资源,在社会经济发展和河流保护之间取得平衡是当前全球面临的重大课题。西方发达国家普遍重视环境保护,在保护河道内流量方面也积累了较为丰富的立法和实践经验。美国科罗拉多州将保护河道内流量纳入该州产权体系,以政府持有河道内流量水权的方式进行保护,在协调人类活动与生态环境保护方面取得了良好的效果。文章简要介绍了科罗拉多州河道内流量保护计划的主要内容及取得的成绩,深入分析了该计划的特点,以期对我国河道内流量保护提供借鉴和参考。     

Supporting decision-makers in estimating irrigation demand for urban street trees

Greening cities is of considerable significance to creating sustainable cities. Cost-benefit analyses have shown that urban green is not only ecologically and socially desirable but also economically advantageous. However, maintaining this urban green is becoming challenging due to changing climatic conditions. With frequent heat-waves, droughts and increasing water scarcity in many regions, it is crucial to establish systematic approaches to economise the available water used for irrigation. Currently, cities rely on rough approximations to assess irrigation demand. To address this gap, a linear time series model was developed based on soil water balance and Water Use Classifications of Landscape Species approach. The model uses publicly available data regarding trees, soil, and current and forecasted weather to estimate the irrigation demand of urban street trees on a weekly time scale. The developed model is applied in a case study of a metropolis in a moderate continental climate. The results show more distributed irrigation demand than the currently implemented soil moisture based model of the case study city. Accordingly, the model can support the decision-makers to not only assess the irrigation demand of existing trees but also help in water budgeting of new plantation under varying climatic conditions.     

茜坑水库轮虫群落结构组成和动态

茜坑水库是位于深圳市宝安区观澜镇的一座供水水库,入库水主要由于自东深引水工程调入。抽水入库和持续供水在降低了水体的水力滞留时间的同时,增加了垂直混合,改变了原有的生态过程。为了解这一抽水型水库中轮虫群落结构的变化及主要影响因子,于2012年3-12月对茜坑水库敞水区轮虫进行了逐月采样,同时测定水体的理化因子集。10次采样共观测到轮虫30种,其中臂尾轮科9种,异尾轮科4种,这些种类主要是热带、亚热带地区的常见种和优势种类。前节晶囊轮虫、截头皱甲轮虫、圆筒异尾轮虫、角突臂尾轮虫、红多肢轮虫、Keratella tecta、刺盖异尾轮虫、螺形龟甲轮虫、跃进三肢轮虫、奇异六腕轮虫、长刺异尾轮虫、长肢多肢轮虫、广布多肢轮虫、对棘异尾轮虫、剪形臂尾轮虫和热带龟甲轮虫等为优势种。全年的平均丰度和生物量分别为257.5 ind./L和80.7 μg/L,轮虫生物量在后生浮游动物总生物量中所占比例为11%;丰水期轮虫的丰度和生物量较高,进水口和库中的轮虫群落结构在组成和动态上没有显著差异。水力滞留时间是影响轮虫群落组成和动态的主要非生物因子,枝角类的竞争压力是影响群落结构的主要生物因子。     

Coldwater RAS in an Arctic charr farm in Northern Norway

Use of coldwater recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are still very rare in Norway, and only two farms are producing Arctic charr. This project took place in one of these commercial Arctic charr farms; Villmarksfisk AS in Bardu, Northern Norway.The farm gets its make-up water from ground water that holds 5 °C year around. Temperature in the rearing water varies between 7.5 °C (“low”) to 12 °C (“high”) through the year. The biological filter in the RAS seems to work stable at both “low” and “high” temperatures, including after incidents when feeding has been stopped for a day and started on top again the day after. Such an extreme change in loading was measured as a 70% increase in TAN concentration, with only minor changes in nitrite levels recorded. The biofilter also kept the nitrite stable and low in spite of diurnal variation in TAN excretion at normal feeding regimes (every day in three periods at day-time).The farming concept is to stock the farm with wild caught juvenile fish for on-growing to market size fish (0.75–1.00 kg). A drop in growth rate during early autumn has been a main concern for the farm. This may reflect a seasonal shift in growth potential, sometimes referred to as “autumn depression”. Interestingly, there is little sign of seasonal changes in the growth of hatchery-produced fish tested in the farm. Sampling of water quality through the seasons in tanks holding fish undergoing such growth depressions indicate that TAN excretion is much higher per kg feed used in the wintertime than in the springtime. This observation corresponds with the lack of weight gain during wintertime despite that the fish is feeding. Thus, feed conversion calculations indicate that feed utilization also varies with season reaching its nadir during this period.Both challenges concerning RAS in cold water and strongly reduced growth in autumn and winter time, have been investigated from 2005 to 2007 in a project financed by the Norwegian research council and the partners in the agricultural framework agreement.     

Important influent-water quality parameters at freshwater production sites in two salmon producing countries

Further growth in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture production is expected, and as a response to limited freshwater resources, recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are increasingly applied in smolt production. Knowledge of the general composition and quality of inlet-water is important for designing water-treatment to obtain optimal water quality in both flow-through and RAS systems. Based on water quality surveys in Norway (96 water sources, 1999–2006) and Chile (120 water sources, 2006–2008) inlet-water quality was evaluated. Norwegian smolt production is characterized by almost exclusively utilizing surface waters as inlet-water sources, with lake inlets constituting 88% and river inlets 12%. This results in large seasonal variations in both temperature, and inlet-water quality. In Chile, production is based on inlet-water from groundwater wells (32%), natural springs (40%) and rivers (28%). Norwegian inlet-water quality shows significantly lower pH and buffering capacity. The content of total organic carbon and total nitrogen is generally higher in Norway, while the levels the main metals of concern, aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe), show large between-site variability in both countries. In low pH waters in Norway, the concentration of inorganic (labile) aluminium exceeds recommended level (10 μg/L) in 15% of the samples. The Norwegian database documents highly variable production intensity in smolt production. The measured levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂, 11.6 ± 6.2 mg/L) and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN, 499 ± 485 μg N/L) (mean ± SD), exceed current legislative recommendations in 30% and 10.5% of the cases, respectively. RAS technology has the potential to improve a variable water quality if it proves reliable for the time intervals and production volumes needed. Thus, if necessary adjustments in water treatment to the local water quality are implemented, RAS production may well constitute a substantial part of smolt production in the future.     

陇南不同种植区油橄榄果实生长期的经济性状比较

为研究陇南市不同种植地对不同品种油橄榄果实生长的影响,对陇南市武都区种植的莱星、鄂植8号、奇迹、皮削利等4个油橄榄品种,分别在其果实生长的受精和坐果期、种子生长期、果核变硬期、中果皮形成期和果实成熟期比较判断果实表型性状,分析果实生长期间含水率和含油率的变化,以探明不同油橄榄品种的适宜栽培区,为优化陇南地区油橄榄种植资源配置提供支持。结果表明,在陇南市武都区锦屏村和稻畦村种植的不同品种油橄榄果实外观均呈长圆形,且锦屏村种植的莱星油橄榄果实百粒鲜质量和含油率均高于稻畦村,中果皮形成期百粒鲜质量和含油率分别高于稻畦村34.82%和72.53%。稻畦村种植的鄂植8号油橄榄果实百粒鲜质量在果实生长前期低于锦屏村,生长后期则高于锦屏村,中果皮形成期稻畦村油橄榄果实百粒鲜质量高于锦屏村26.00%。锦屏村种植的鄂植8号油橄榄果实含油率均高于稻畦村,果实成熟期含油率高于稻畦村84.48%。锦屏村种植的奇迹油橄榄果实百粒鲜质量和含油率均高于稻畦村,果核变硬期百粒鲜质量高于稻畦村36.00%,果实成熟期的含油率高于稻畦村53.71%。锦屏村种植的皮削利油橄榄果实含油率高于稻畦村,中果皮形成期的含油率高于稻畦村76.13%。由此可知,锦屏村种植的油橄榄莱星、奇迹均优于稻畦村,且果实用途偏向于油用,油橄榄鄂植8号和皮削利作为油果兼用型果实,在锦屏村和稻畦村均可种植。且生长良好。     

进水流速对圆形循环水养殖池流场特性影响的数值模拟

通过对工厂化循环水养殖进水流速的智能调控,可降低饵料残留,避免水质恶化。为此,本研究采用数值模拟方法探究了进水流速对工厂化循环水养殖池流场特性的影响,并基于该研究设计出一套确定进水流速调控的实验方法。首先,通过对比Standard k-ε、RNG k-ε和Realizable k-ε 3种湍流模型及多种壁面函数的仿真效果,确定RNG k-ε模型和标准壁面函数作为仿真配置。同时,针对多相流模型,对欧拉多相流模型和DPM离散相模型进行对比,为提高计算准确性选用DPM离散相模型,并基于上述模型进行网格无关性验证、制定网格划分方案。其次,以大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)养殖为例,模拟不同进水流速下养殖池流场、排污和水温调节的效果。最后,针对仿真结果提出进水流速调控方案。结果显示,日常采用1.0 m/s的进水流速,可有效提高适宜流速区面积并控制水处理成本;投饵前,采用0.2 m/s的进水流速可以解决循环水养殖中存在的饵料浪费问题;进食结束后,采用1.2 m/s的进水流速可快速排出残饵避免水质恶化;水温异常时,采用15 ℃的水、以1.2 m/s的进水流速注水230 s,可使20 ℃的水下降到正常水平,精准化控制水温。采用本研究提出的方法,可针对不同养殖生物和养殖环境设计进水流速智能调控策略,可用于解决循环水养殖过程中饵料浪费、水质变差和水温异常等问题。