红景天果皮水提液对5种植物种子的化感作用

以狭叶红景天种子、榆荞种子、樱桃番茄种子、意大利耐抽薹生菜种子和新牛角椒种子为受试材料,研究了狭叶红景天果皮水提液对5种植物的化感作用.结果表明,不同浓度的狭叶红景天果皮水提液对5种植物种子的萌发、胚根及幼苗生长均表现出不同的化感作用影响.其中,对狭叶红景天种子萌发和胚根生长都表现为明显的抑制作用,并且随着处理浓度增高,抑制作用表现越强,但对幼苗的生长却表现出明显的促进生长作用,其中以0.02 g/mL的水浸液处理的狭叶红景天幼苗生长速度最快;对榆荞种子萌发和幼苗生长表现为低浓度促进生长和高浓度抑制生长的作用,而对胚根生长却表现抑制作用,并随着处理浓度的增高,抑制作用也越强;对樱桃番茄和意大利耐抽薹生菜种子的萌发和胚根生长也都表现为明显的抑制作用,对樱桃番茄幼苗的生长影响与榆荞的一致,对意大利耐抽薹生菜幼苗的生长影响与狭叶红景天植物一致;对新牛角椒种子萌发的影响与榆荞种子相同,对其胚根和幼苗生长影响都表现为促进作用,但也存在随着处理浓度增高,其产生的促进生长作用逐渐减弱的现象.     

Genetic analysis of resistance to spot blotch disease in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Zambia

Understanding the genetics of resistance to spot blotch disease, caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem, is important to design an appropriate breeding strategy to improve the trait. The objective of this study was to determine the gene action and mode of inheritance of resistance to spot blotch in wheat. Eight genotypes with varying resistance to the disease were crossed in a full diallel mating design. Parents and their progenies were evaluated for spot blotch resistance. Data were analyzed using Hayman’s diallel analysis. The results suggested the importance of additive gene effects in controlling the resistance to spot blotch in the materials under study. No epistasis, maternal, or reciprocal effects were detected. Resistance to spot blotch exhibited partial dominance. Therefore, exercising selection for resistance in the early segregating generation should be an effective approach because of the predominance of additive gene effects. The Wr/Vr graph showed that the parents 30SAWSN5 (P3) and Coucal (P4) possessed more dominant genes, which makes them particularly suitable for inclusion in breeding for resistance to spot blotch.     

Selection of soybean elite cultivars based on phenotypic and genomic characters related to lodging tolerance

Soybean lodging can result in serious yield reduction. Detecting the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with lodging tolerance for their further application in marker‐assisted selection (MAS) has the potential to enhance soybean breeding efficiency. In this study, a genome‐wide association analysis (GWAS) was performed to identify soybean accessions that could potentially be used to produce lodging‐tolerant varieties, based on the comprehensive evaluation of lodging scores (LS) obtained for the parental cultivar “Tokachi nagaha” and its 137 derived cultivars. Results showed that genotype, environment and genotype × environment interaction significantly influenced LS. Of the 31 significant SNPs identified, 22 were consistently detected in two or more environments and 27 SNPs were located in or close to agronomically important QTL mapped by linkage analysis. Best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) of LS tend to decrease with the elite alleles contained by accessions increasing. Some excellent accessions, with lower BLUPs and D_i (stability coefficients) values and more elite alleles, were selected. This study contributed to understand the genetic mechanism of lodging, providing genetic and phenotypic information for MAS.     

Inhibiting soil loss and runoff from small plots induced by an individual freeze-thaw cycle using three rangeland species

This study investigated the role of three rangeland species viz. Agropyron trichophorum, Medicago sativa, and Lolium prenne on mitigating of effects of a freeze-thaw (FT) cycle on runoff generation and soil loss from small experimental plots. Small plots (0.5 × 0.5m) were prepared in three replicates for control (i.e., under a FT cycle only) and treatments (i.e., individually planted with the study species and subject to a FT cycle). The treated plots were then placed at a slope of 20% and subjected to simulated rainfall with intensity of 70 mm h⁻¹ and 30 min duration. The results of the study showed a significant effect (P < 0.05) of the plants on controlling runoff and soil loss after a FT cycle. Also, the detrimental effects of the FT cycle due to performance of ice lenses and formation of an active melting layer in the soil surface were ameliorated by the presence of litter on the soil and root-binding effect of the plants. Time to runoff increased by 54, 111 and 10%, runoff volume decreased by 27, 68 and 0.4% and soil loss changed by −34, −62, and +6.5% in the plots planted with A. trichophorum, L. prenne and M. sativa, respectively. The results of the current study indicated that L. prenne had the maximum benefit on reducing runoff and soil loss from the plots undergoing a FT cycle.     

大豆中胰蛋白酶抑制因子的生化性质和抗营养作用

生大豆中含有许多抗营养因子影响其营养价值与利用效果,其中最主要的是胰蛋白酶抑制因子。本文总结了大豆中两大类胰蛋白酶抑制因子,即Kunitz类和Bowman-Birk类抑制因子的主要生化性质,以及含大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子的日粮对不同种类动物的饲喂效果和生理反应。另外还介绍了胰腺分泌的蛋白酶与抑制因子的识别与反应机理,以及大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子阻碍动物生长和引起胰腺增大的作用方式。最后讨论了在研究胰蛋白酶抑制因子的抗营养作用时,需要注意的几个问题。     

乌梁素海表层沉积物营养盐的分布特征及环境意义

采用现场采样及室内测试方法,对乌梁素海表层沉积物营养元素（TN、NH4＋-N、NO3--N、TP和TOC）的分布特征进行了分析,系统研究了沉积物碳-氮-磷两两之间的相互耦合关系及其环境意义,并对乌梁素海沉积物的有机污染状况进行了评价。结果表明,乌梁素海表层沉积物TOC/TN比平均值为12.70,反映出有机质来源可能是湖泊水生生物和陆源输入,其中外源输入略占主导;TOC/TP比值高于TOC/TN,沉积物中的有机质主导着TOC/TP比值的变化趋势;TN/TP比值的分布表现出与TOC/TP比值相似的变化特征。有机污染评价结果显示,全湖的有机指数均值为0.42,处于尚清洁状态,w（ON）的均值为0.17%,属于有机氮污染状态。     

大豆异黄酮的药理和毒理效应研究进展

综述了大豆异黄酮主要的药理和毒理效应,分析了作用机理,对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

2.5%菜喜胶悬剂对甘蓝小菜蛾和菜青虫的防效

生物源杀虫剂2.5%菜喜胶悬剂防治甘蓝小菜蛾和菜青虫的田间药效试验结果表明,2.5%菜喜胶悬剂1 000、1 500、2 000、3 000倍液防治甘蓝小菜蛾和菜青虫的速效性好,药后第1 d的防效优于20%氰戊菊酯乳油2 000倍液和20%米满悬浮剂2 000倍液.以1 000倍液防效最好,药后第1天、第3天、第7天对小菜蛾的防效分别达91.42%、94.46%、92.77%,对菜青虫的防效分别达93.18%、96.06%、94.48%.示范结果表明,2.5%菜喜胶悬剂1 000倍液对小菜蛾的防效为89.74%～92.76%,对菜青虫的防效 90.19%～93.47%.从防效、成本等方面综合考虑,大面积示范推广该药剂的适宜剂量为1 000倍液.     

黄瓜枯萎病拮抗菌的生防效果及其对植株生长代谢的影响

利用从黄瓜根际土壤筛选的、经温室内消毒土壤处理证明有效的3株枯萎病拮抗菌DS-1、SG-126和Q-2接种日光温室连作黄瓜土壤,进一步研究对枯萎病防效、植株生长和代谢的影响,结果表明:3株拮抗菌均能提高黄瓜对枯萎病的抵抗能力,减少发病率,细菌DS-1、放线菌SG-126和细菌Q-2防治黄瓜枯萎病的效果分别为51.43%、42.86%和37.50%;DS-1和SG-126能显著促进黄瓜的生长发育,Q-2效果较差;接种拮抗菌不同程度地提高了黄瓜叶片保护酶(SOD、CAT、PPO和PAL)活性和叶绿素含量,降低了电解质渗漏率。     

4种石斛水提物对人宫颈癌HelaS3细胞和肝癌HepG2细胞的抑制作用

[目的]为进一步开发石斛药用资源提供基础数据。[方法]将人宫颈癌细胞HelaS3和肝癌HepG2细胞用含10%新生小牛血清的RPMI-1640培养基在37℃和5%CO2条件下培养,比较了霍山石斛、铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和马鞭石斛水提物对HelaS3和HepG2细胞的体外抑制作用。[结果]4种石斛水提物对HelaS3细胞和HepG2细胞均有不同程度的抑制作用,且在所选浓度范围内对剂量和时间有依赖性。4种石斛水提物对HelaS3细胞的IC50分别是11.63、17.71、15.11和5.89 mg/ml;对HepG2细胞的IC50分别是10.40、22.95、3.80和17.76 mg/ml。显微观察显示,处理组的活细胞多呈红色,核呈固缩状或圆珠状,有明显的染色质凝集和细胞凋亡特征。[结论]剂量效应分析表明,对HelaS3细胞而言,马鞭石斛水提物抑瘤效果较好;对HepG2细胞而言,金钗石斛水提物抑瘤效果较好。