地下滴灌影响要素及其敏感性分析

地下滴灌是一项具有广阔应用前景的高效节水灌溉技术之一。为分析不同影响因素对地下滴灌滴头流量的影响机制,以PLASSIM滴头、和平滴头2种滴头为研究对象,利用有机玻璃桶(直径40cm,高40cm)内埋设滴头(表层20cm下)系统分析了滴头工作压力(60,100,150,200,250,300,370kPa)、土壤初始含水量(12%,18%)及土壤容重(1.25,1.40g/cm~3)对地下滴灌滴头流量的影响及其敏感性。结果表明:工作压力是地下滴灌滴头流量的主要影响因素,且随工作压力增大,滴头流量增大;土壤初始含水率和容重对供试的滴头流量均起制约作用,其中对轻砂土的制约作用更为明显;土壤质地对各影响因素的敏感性存在差异,其中轻砂土最敏感,粉壤土居中,轻粘土最弱。PLASSIM滴头、和平滴头的敏感性指标均随工作压力、土壤初始含水率、容重的增加而降低。通过系统分析多种土壤物理特性对地下滴灌滴头流量的影响及其敏感性分析,将为设计经济、高效而又节水的地下滴灌系统,制定合理的地下滴灌制度提供理论依据。     

岩溶地区土地敏感性的评价方法——以贵州省为例

岩溶区开发建设项目的不断开展,是对岩溶区土地产生破坏和影响的重要因素。本文以贵州省典型岩溶地貌类型为代表,从岩溶地区土地的生态脆弱性和对环境影响的敏感性两个方面进行综合评价。发现在人类活动干扰下峰丛峰林类土地比较容易产生退化,溶丘溶原类土地脆弱可能性比峰丛峰林类小;岩溶地区各土地类型均比较敏感。从而揭示对这类土地进行开发利用时容易产生的问题和敏感程度,提醒土地使用者加以注意并进行防范处理。     

SWAT模型灵敏性分析模块在云州水库流域的应用

SWAT模型是基于水文过程的,具有很强物理机制的流域分布式水文模型.介绍了AVSWAT2005灵敏性分析模块,并在华北土石山区云州水库流域得到较好的应用与验证.通过灵敏性分析,辨析出影响该流域产流模拟结果精度的主要参数因子.SCS径流曲线系数(CN2)、土坡可利用水量(SOL-AWC)、土壤饱和导水率(SOL_K)的影响是显著的,灵敏性等级高;平均坡度(SLOPE),浅层地下水径流系数(GWQMN)有一定影响,灵敏性等级中;依据上述结论调整参数值,采用连续10 a的实测月流量数据对模型进行了校准和验证.结果表明,模型对月流量模拟的相对误差在模型校准期和验证期均小于15%,Nash-Suttcliffe系数Ens高于0.7,SWAT模型对云州水库流域产流的模拟结果良好.因此,灵敏性分析模块的应用极大地提高了模型在华北土石山区的可用性,具有一定的推广意义.     

延安市城郊农村土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

以典型黄土丘陵沟壑区-延安市赵庄村为例,在分析2000-2006年间的土地利用变化的基础上,依据谢高地等人生态服务价值系数对土地利用系统的生态系统服务价值进行了估算,并对其进行了敏感性分析.结果表明,6 a间,研究区土地利用变化主要表现为耕地减少和撂荒地等未利用土地增加.总生态服务价值减少了32.92万元,变化率为1.86%.未利用土地、居住及建设用地、林地、灌草地的生态服务价值增加;耕地、果园、水域的生态服务价值减少.这8种服务功能类型呈减少趋势,只有娱乐文化类型在增加.敏感性指数均小于1,所采用价值系数缺乏弹性,估算价值可靠,系数适合当地情况.根据研究区生态系统服务价值变化特点,应进行针对性的土地利用结构调整.     

几种大田作物水分-产量模型及其应用

本文介绍了几种大田作物(小麦、玉米、棉花等)水分-产量模型(即水分生产函数)国内外研究现状, 阐明了各种模型之间的本质区别与内在联系.依据部分灌区的田间试验数据, 在全生育期采用二次抛物线模型、各生育阶段采用Jensen模型, 并且运用最小二乘法原理, 拟合了不同作物的水分生产函数, 得出作物不同生育阶段的水分敏感指数, 发现不同作物敏感指数值呈前期小、中期大、后期又变小的变化趋势且与农业灌溉实际相符, 这一结论可为资源性缺水区域制定优化灌溉制度提供理论依据.     

黄河三角洲垦利县生态环境敏感性评价

依据垦利县生态环境目前存在的问题和生态环境敏感性理论,选取了植被覆盖度、地下水矿化度、潜水埋藏深度、土壤质地,地貌类型5个生态敏感性因子。在GIS技术支持下,对垦利县生态敏感性进行了单因子评价,采用专家打分法获取各指标权重,指数和法计算评价单元环境敏感度。结果表明,垦利县敏感性程度的面积与空间分布规律为:极度敏感区、高度敏感区、中度敏感区和一般敏感区,分别占研究区总面积的37.4%,25.7%,26.0%和10.9%。在总体分布上从西南向东北,随着黄河向渤海的延伸,敏感性程度逐渐增加。评价结果可为垦利县生态环境政策的制订提供科学依据。     

Landscape-level variation in temperature sensitivity of soil organic carbon decomposition

We examined landscape-level variation in temperature sensitivity of labile SOC across 71 sites at a central North American grassland. The observed range in activation energy of decomposition (E_a), an index of temperature sensitivity, was as great at the landscape scale as has been observed at the continental scale. E_a was lower for soils with more labile C, consistent with the ‘Carbon quality-temperature’ hypothesis. Soil pH explained 67% of the variation in E_a. Although there are strong environmental correlates with the E_a of SOC decomposition at landscape scales, the amount of variation within landscapes could confound regional- to global-scale predictions of the response of soil C to warming.     

Decomposition temperature sensitivity of isolated soil organic matter fractions

The general consensus is that a warming climate will result in the acceleration of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition, thus acting as a potential positive feedback mechanism. However, the debate over the relative temperature sensitivity of labile versus recalcitrant SOM has not been fully resolved. We isolated acid hydrolysis residues to represent a recalcitrant pool of SOM and particulate organic matter (POM) to represent a labile pool of SOM, and incubated each at different temperatures to determine temperature sensitivity of decomposition. Short-term incubations of POM generated results consistent with published experiments (i.e., greater proportion of C respired and lower Q₁₀ than whole soil), while incubations of acid hydrolysis residues did not. The contrasting results illustrate the difficulty in assessing temperature sensitivity of labile versus stable SOM decomposition, partly because of the inability to quantitatively isolate labile versus stable SOM pools and to be sufficiently certain that respiration responses to temperature are not masked by processes such as enhanced stabilization or microbial inhibition/adaptation. Further study on the temperature sensitivity of decomposition of isolated SOM fractions is necessary to better explain and predict temperature responses of bulk SOM decomposition.     

Invertebrates increase the sensitivity of non-labile soil carbon to climate change

The fate of global soil carbon stores in response to predicted climate change is a ‘hotly’ debated topic. Considerable uncertainties remain as to the temperature sensitivity of non-labile soil organic matter (SOM) to decomposition. Currently, models assume that organic matter decomposition is solely controlled by the interaction between climatic conditions and soil mineral characteristics. Consequently, little attention has been paid to adaptive responses of soil decomposer organisms to climate change and their impacts on the turnover of long-standing terrestrial carbon reservoirs. Using a radiocarbon approach we found that warming increased soil invertebrate populations (Enchytraeid worms) leading to a greater turnover of older soil carbon pools. The implication of this finding is that until soil physiology and biology are meaningfully represented in ecosystem carbon models, predictions will underestimate soil carbon turnover.