Effects of the sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor velagliflozin,a new drug with therapeutic potential to treat diabetes in cats

Sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are used in the treatment of human diabetics. They increase glucose excretion and correct hyperglycemia. We examined the investigational SGLT2 inhibitor velagliflozin in two groups of six neutered adult obese cats (equal gender distribution). Placebo (Pl) or drug (D; 1 mg/kg) was administered for 35 days. Routine blood examinations, fructosamine, beta‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucagon, adiponectin, and leptin were measured before and after treatment, also water intake, and urinary electrolytes, glucose, and volume. Indirect calorimetry, an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT; 0.8 g/kg) and insulin tolerance test (IVITT) were conducted. All cats tolerated treatment well. Significant changes with D included a decrease in the respiratory exchange ratio, an increase in cholesterol, a small increase in albumin, and a rise in BHB and NEFA. Glucose clearance was unaltered, although less insulin was secreted during the IVGTT (p = .056) suggesting improved insulin sensitivity. IVITT was unchanged. Treatment did not affect glucagon, leptin, or adiponectin. Water intake, urine output, urinary glucose excretion, and the glucose/creatinine ratio but not urinary electrolytes were significantly higher post‐D. We conclude that velagliflozin is a promising drug, which increases urinary glucose excretion in cats and could thereby be beneficial for the treatment of hyperglycemia.     

1株草龟维氏气单胞菌的分离鉴定及药敏谱分析

旨在确定河北昌黎县某花鸟鱼店宠物草龟发病死亡的病因,笔者从发病草龟体内分离纯化出1株优势菌CLW-1,通过解剖观察、细菌分离培养、革兰染色镜检、生化鉴定和16S rDNA基因测序对其分析鉴定,并通过药物敏感性测试检测菌株的耐药性,通过斑马鱼接种试验和毒力基因检测其致病性。结果显示,该菌在血琼脂平板形成湿润、表面光滑、呈β溶血的灰白色菌落,在RS琼脂培养基上长出光滑湿润的黄色菌落;革兰染色镜检为阴性短小球杆菌;16S rDNA基因序列同源性分析表明,分离菌株CLW-1与维氏气单胞菌为同一族,相似性均达99%以上;斑马鱼接种试验结果显示,该菌具有较高的致病力,其LD₅₀为1.26×10⁶CFU;毒力基因扩增结果表明,分离菌株CLW-1具有aerA、Exu、Lip和Ser毒力基因;药敏试验结果显示,分离菌株CLW-1对哌拉西林、头孢唑林和恩诺沙星等敏感;对呋喃唑酮、苯唑西林和红霉素等中敏;对麦迪霉素、克林霉素和万古霉素等耐药。通过试验结果确定此分离菌株CLW-1为维氏气单胞菌,携带毒力基因,具有较高致病力,应用对应的抗生素治疗效果较好,为维氏气单胞菌病的防治奠定基础。     

Protein kinase C isoforms in the porcine corpus luteum: Temporal and spatial expression patterns

Porcine corpora lutea (CL) fail to show a luteolytic response to prostaglandin-F-2α (PGF-2α) (ie, luteolytic sensitivity, or LS) until ∼day 13 of the estrous cycle. In view of the importance of protein kinase C (PRKC) in PGF-2α signal transduction, it was hypothesized that limiting levels of 1 or more PRKC isoforms may explain the lack of LS before day 13. This hypothesis was tested by examining expression of mRNA and protein, and the cellular localization patterns of the 11 PRKC isoforms throughout the porcine estrous cycle, to determine whether PRKC expression correlates with and thus may be associated with the control of the acquisition of LS in the pig. The expression patterns show that for most PRKC isoforms (ie, PRKC alpha, beta 1, beta 2, delta, epsilon, theta, iota, and zeta), mRNA was maximally expressed on day 7 or day 10 (protein kinase D1 only) of the cycle, whereas PRKCs gamma, eta, and lambda were unchanged. At the protein level, only PRKC epsilon (PRKCE) significantly changed during the estrous cycle and was elevated on day 13 (versus days 4, 7, and 15; P < 0.05). By immunofluoresence, most PRKC isoforms, including PRKCE, were localized to steroidogenic large luteal cells (LLC) and small (nonendothelial cell) luteal cell subtypes (SLC). In conclusion, since the increase in PRKCE protein expression (day 13) occurred coincidentally with the onset of LS (≥day 12), these results support a potential role for PRKCE in control of the acquisition of LS in the pig.     

Insulin sensitivity and glucose dynamics during pre-weaning foal development and in response to maternal diet composition

Nutritional management of animals during pregnancy can affect glucose and insulin dynamics in the resulting offspring through influences on fetal development. Additionally, high starch feeding in mature horses is associated with reduced insulin sensitivity and an increased risk for diseases such as obesity and laminitis. However, no study has yet evaluated the effect of feeding a high starch diet to pregnant mares on glucose and insulin dynamics in their offspring. Twenty late-gestation mares maintained on pasture were provided two-thirds of digestible energy requirements from isocaloric, isonitrogenous low starch (LS, n = 10) or high starch (HS, n = 10) feed. Their foals were assessed with an insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test at 5, 40, 80, and 160 d of age. Baseline glucose concentrations, insulin sensitivity, and insulin-independent glucose clearance in 5-d foals were all greater than values observed in mature horses and declined towards mature values as foals reached 160 d of age. Baseline glucose concentrations were all within normal range, but higher in foals born from HS mares through 80 d of age. Insulin sensitivity was not different between dietary groups until a trend for lower insulin sensitivity in HS foals emerged at 160 d of age. These data are the first to characterize decreasing insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in Thoroughbred foals from 5 to 160 d of age. This study also presents the first data examining glucose and insulin dynamics in developing foals in response to maternal high starch diet.     

辽宁猪源大肠埃希菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

为了调查辽宁省不同地区猪源大肠杆菌病的流行和耐药情况,无菌采集临床疑似大肠杆菌病病死猪或患病猪病料65份,经细菌分离培养及生化试验,共分离到65株大肠埃希菌,分离率为100%。对分离到的菌株进行药物敏感试验及超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)筛选和确证试验,结果显示,辽宁地区分离株均表现出不同程度的耐药,耐药菌株占98.46%,其中对四环素、青霉素及氨苄西林的耐药率分别为93.33%、81.54%和80.00%;对甲氧苄啶、磺胺异恶唑、氯霉素、恩诺沙星耐药性较高,分别为74.29%、74.29%、69.23%和68.57%;对米诺霉素及多粘菌素B较为敏感,耐药率仅为10%和9.23%;分离株多药耐药率较高,达92.31%。ESBLs确证试验结果发现,辽宁省分离株中29.23%的菌株能产生ESBLs。说明辽宁地区猪大肠埃希菌流行情况较为广泛,耐药情况较为严重。     

Validation of a multiplex PCR assay to detect Babesia spp. and Anaplasma marginale in cattle in Uruguay in the absence of a gold standard test

Detection of bovine Babesia spp. and Anaplasma marginale is based on the reading of Giemsa-stained blood or organ smears, which can have low sensitivity. Our aim was to improve the detection of bovine Babesia spp. and A. marginale by validating a multiplex PCR (mPCR). We used 466 samples of blood and/or organs of animals with signs and presumptive autopsy findings of babesiosis or anaplasmosis. The primers in our mPCR amplified the rap-1a gene region of Babesia bovis and B. bigemina, and the msp-5 region of A. marginale. We used a Bayesian model with a non-informative priori distribution for the prevalence estimate and informative priori distribution for estimation of sensitivity and specificity. The sensitivity and specificity for smear detection of Babesia spp. were 68.6% and 99.1%, and for A. marginale 85.6% and 98.8%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity for mPCR detection for Babesia spp. were 94.2% and 97.1%, and for A. marginale 95.2% and 92.7%, respectively. Our mPCR had good accuracy in detecting Babesia spp. and A. marginale, and would be a reliable test for veterinarians to choose the correct treatment for each agent.     

中华鳖致病性嗜水气单胞菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

对江西省进贤县某中华鳖养殖场送检的2只患病中华鳖进行细菌分离,且对分离的细菌进行培养特性观察、生化特性鉴定、毒力因子检测、毒力基因PCR检测、实验动物攻毒及体外药敏试验。结果表明,从2只中华鳖肝脏分离到3株菌,均为革兰阴性短杆菌,其中体型稍大中华鳖2株,体型稍小中华鳖1株;经过实验动物感染试验得出3株菌都为强毒力致病菌;通过生化鉴定、毒力因子及PCR检测确定为嗜水气单胞菌;体外药敏试验结果显示,3株菌对头孢曲松都高度敏感,对利福平、甲氧苄啶、氨苄青霉素都不敏感。     

花鲈虹彩病毒交叉引物恒温扩增检测方法的建立

【目的】花鲈虹彩病毒(Lateolabrax maculatus iridovirus,LMIV)严重威胁花鲈养殖业安全,无特效防控药物,早期诊断在LMIV防控中发挥极其重要的作用。建立一种简便、快捷、准确的现场快速诊断方法,可为LMIV的基层诊断提供技术支撑。【方法】利用交叉引物恒温扩增技术(Cross priming amplification,CPA),针对LMIV ATPase基因高保守区设计1套单交叉引物。以构建的ATPase重组质粒作为阳性模板,对反应体系中的引物浓度比,Bst DNA聚合酶、Betaine、MgSO₄、dNTP浓度,以及反应温度和反应时间进行优化;结合一次性核酸试纸条,建立可视化检测LMIV-CPA的方法。【结果】最优引物浓度比组合为交叉引物CPF1.0μmol/L,引物F3和B3均为0.4μmol/L,探针引物B1(FAM)和B2(Biotin)均为0.8μmol/L;MgSO4浓度为6 mmol/L、Betaine浓度为0.4 mol/L、dNTP浓度为0.6 mmol/L、Bst DNA聚合酶浓度为0.256 U/μL;最佳反应...     

道路草花景观对驾驶人员红灯敏感度的影响

近年来,随着对城市道路景观构建的重视,道路绿化、彩化景观愈发优美和引人注目。该文基于152份有效问卷,研究对比分析了3种道路灌-草层的绿化形式(绿篱式、50%草花覆盖式及100%草花覆盖式)对有驾驶经验的受访者红灯敏感度的影响。结果显示,相对于绿篱式道路绿化,草花式道路绿化会造成受访者红灯敏感度降低;女性比男性的红灯敏感度高,但更易受草花干扰;25—45岁年龄段受访者对红灯的敏感度和抗草花干扰能力比18—25岁及45岁以上受访者高;相对于偏好草花式绿化的受访者,偏好绿篱式绿化的受访者有更高的红灯敏感度和抗草花干扰能力。建议应尽量避免在事故易发地段大面积应用颜色艳丽的草花进行道路绿化。