不同草田轮作模式对土壤养分动态的影响

在宁南旱区10年生苜蓿草地上进行了为期3a的27种不同草田轮作模式试验,研究了土壤有机质、氮、磷的动态变化特征。结果表明,与保持生长的对照苜蓿草地相比,苜蓿草地实行草田轮作后,有机质持续下降,轮作第1,3a的马铃薯,第2a的春小麦对土壤有机质有明显影响,马铃薯连作模式使土壤有机质降幅最大;不同轮作模式的土壤全氮变化有较大差异,谷子和春小麦等禾本科作物单一连作模式对土壤氮素造成偏耗;不同轮作模式碱解氮总体上呈下降趋势,轮作作物产量水平直接影响土壤碱解氮含量的高低。全磷呈先降后升又降趋势。作物轮作能够提高苜蓿草地土壤氮、磷有效性。为了高效、协调和可持续地利用水肥,应选择合理的草田轮作模式。     

Short‐term degradation of semiarid grasslands—results from a controlled‐grazing experiment in Northern China

The assessment of grassland degradation due to overgrazing is a global challenge in semiarid environments. In particular, investigations of beginning steppe degradation after a change or intensification of the land use are needed in order to detect and adjust detrimental land‐use management rapidly and thus prevent severe damages in these sensitive ecosystems. A controlled‐grazing experiment was established in Inner Mongolia (China) in 2005 that included ungrazed (UG) and heavily grazed plots with grazing intensities of 4.5 (HG4.5) and 7.5 (HG7.5) sheep per hectare. Several soil and vegetation parameters were investigated at all sites before the start of the experiment. Topsoil samples were analyzed for soil organic C (SOC), total N (N_tot), total S (S_tot), and bulk density (BD). As vegetation parameters, aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), tiller density (TD), and leaf‐area index (LAI) were determined. After 3 y of the grazing experiment, BD increased and SOC, N_tot, S_tot, ANPP, and LAI significantly decreased with increasing grazing intensity. These sensitive parameters can be regarded as early‐warning indicators for degradation of semiarid grasslands. Vegetation parameters were, however, more sensitive not only to grazing but also to temporal variation of precipitation between 2006 and 2008. Contrary, soil parameters were primarily affected by grazing and resistant against climatic variations. The assessment of starting conditions in the study area and the application of defined grazing intensities is essential for the investigation of short‐term degradation in semiarid environments.     

内蒙古降水量分布及其对马铃薯灌溉需水量的影响

马铃薯是内蒙古的优势作物,其生长和产量主要受水分条件的制约.研究内蒙古降水量分布和马铃薯需水规律,可为马铃薯生产合理布局、合理用水以实现稳产提供依据.利用内蒙古1961-2010年46个气象站点的逐日气象资料计算分析了内蒙古马铃薯生育期有效降水量及分布、马铃薯生育期蒸散量和不同年型下马铃薯的灌溉需水量.结果表明:内蒙古马铃薯生育期有效降水量为25～ 240mm,时空分布不均匀,地区间差异大;马铃薯生育期蒸散量为300～700mm,400mm等值线从呼伦贝尔北部开始,穿过锡林郭勒盟的北部,向东到兴安盟.内蒙古地区马铃薯灌溉需水量由东到西有逐渐增大趋势,需水量等值线呈经向分布.1500m3/hm2等值线在内蒙古东北部,等值线以东的呼伦贝尔市、兴安盟的北部地区有效降水基本能满足马铃薯需求,正常年无需灌溉,适合马铃薯大面积种植;内蒙古西部和北部降水资源不足以支撑马铃薯生产,不适合马铃薯种植.歉水年降水量少、蒸散量大,马铃薯灌溉量比平水年平均增加40.4％.     

基于GIS的内蒙古东部地区玉米低温冷害精细化风险区划

通过分析内蒙古东部地区的热量条件、热量条件变异性及低温冷害发生频率,得出低温冷害综合风险指数,运用逐步回归建立其与地理信息的空间推算模型,基于GIS和1∶5万地理信息数据,对玉米低温冷害风险进行空间展布并分区,得出内蒙古东部地区玉米低温冷害精细化风险区划图。结果表明,低温冷害高风险区位于纬度和海拔较高的呼伦贝尔市北部和西部地区;通辽市中南部、赤峰市东南部和兴安盟南部等海拔较低、地势相对平坦的地区低温冷害风险最低;低温冷害风险程度基本呈西北-东南向带状分布,受海拔高度及地形、地势等因素的影响,低温冷害风险分布又具有错落的局地性特点。研究结果有利于规避玉米低温冷害风险,发掘可利用气候资源,优化种植结构和布局,保障区域粮食安全。     

内蒙古地区气候资源变化趋势分析

内蒙古地区有不同类型草地,也有典型的农牧交错带,对气候变化敏感,分析该地区气候干湿变化,对当地采取适应气候变化对策具有重要意义。利用内蒙古地区1961-2005年日平均温度、年平均温度、降水量、日照时数等主要气象要素资料,计算内蒙古地区湿润系数,综合分析气候变化背景下内蒙古地区气候资源变化情况。结果表明:近45a来,内蒙古地区年平均温度上升,T≥0℃积温均呈明显增加趋势;内蒙古东部及东北部大部分地区降水量有增加趋势,西部大部分地区降水量则呈减少趋势;荒漠、半荒漠、草甸草原景观面积呈增加趋势,典型草原、森林草原及森林类型区面积呈减少趋势。气候变化背景下,生长季延长给内蒙古东部湿润区的农林业生产带来机遇,但大部分地区荒漠化趋势加剧,草原生态系统脆弱性加剧,给农牧业生产与生活带来新的风险。     

新疆策勒县新开垦农田地表蚀积变化

用插钎法结合气象数据对新疆维吾尔自治区策勒县开垦年限分别为2和1a农田地表进行风蚀风积观测,结果表明,沿主风向,防护林带前后0—3H(树高)内表现为风积,林前风积量明显大于林后风积量,防护林带之间中部主要以风蚀为主。红枣幼苗旁种植的冬小麦在一定程度上能有效地抵御红枣根部风蚀。未开垦的植被盖度3个不同的下垫面内,植被盖度和高度越大,其阻沙积沙能力越强。由于新开垦未种植裸荒地地表疏松无植被覆盖,表现出同阶段内最大的地表风蚀量。新开垦农田地表蚀积变化不仅与植被覆盖度、防护林结构、风速大小与风向紧密相关外,还与地表的微地形有关。     

Comparison of Soil Clean-up Standards for Trace Elements Between Countries: Why do they differ? (9 pages)

Goal, Scope and Background

In the nineteen nineties most European countries issued legislation on soil protection, including soil contamination. In the case of a presumed contamination, soil investigation mostly follows a stepwise approach starting with a preliminary investigation, then an in-depth investigation and, finally, remediation. Soil clean-up standards are often foreseen as trigger criteria to determine the need for an in-depth soil investigation or for remediation. There are however large differences in soil clean-up standards. This is partly because of the different roles of soil clean-up standards in each legislative framework and partly because of differences in the soil clean-up standard (SCS) derivation procedures. Despites these differences there are large similarities in the concepts of the derivation procedures for clean-up standards. A better understanding of the differences in clean-up standards is needed. In order to clarify the variation, the background of the clean-up standards for a selected number of countries was investigated. The objective of this paper is to investigate the underlying reason why country-wide generic soil and groundwater clean-up standards of eight trace elements (cadmium, chromium (III), copper, mercury, lead, nickel, zinc and arsenic) differ between the selected countries.

Main Features

To avoid misinterpretation of the differences in application of the clean-up standards, a short overview of the legislative role of clean-up standards is given first. Differences in model concepts and parameter values are discussed, followed by a comparison of the generic soil and groundwater clean-up standards for trace elements and a discussion on the sources of variation. The influence of the use of ecotoxicological criteria and data for the derivation of soil clean-up standards will be discussed in more detail. Selected countries were Canada, the Flemish Region (Belgium), France, Germany, Great-Britain, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and United States of America (USA).

Results and Discussion

When soil clean-up standards for eight trace elements (cadmium, chromium (III), copper, mercury, lead, nickel, zinc and arsenic) were compared between the selected countries differences of more than a factor 1000 arose. Notwithstanding the use of similar derivation procedures, differences were caused by the use of different software models with their specific input data, boundary conditions and applied protection criteria for humans and the ecology. Ecotoxicological criteria tend to lower the soil clean-up standard for the selected trace elements.

Conclusions

In the countries that are included in this study, clean-up standards are used is different ways, this is for the determination of the necessity for remediation or for the need for further soil investigation. This paper shows a wide variation in the clean-up standards, which has further implication on the decision for remediation or further investigation and, hence, the financial costs of soil management. All the clean-up standards have as primary goal the protection of human health. A number of countries also include the protection of the ecological function of the soil. Differences in selected software model, (standard) parameters values, selected human toxicological and ecotoxicological criteria, are reason for a substantial variation in the clean-up standards for trace elements.

Recommendations and Perspective

. Is this variation justified? The derivation of soil clean-up standards involves - besides scientific elements - political elements, like differentiation in landuse types (agricultural, residential, recreational, industrial), receptor at risk or protection level. It is obvious that harmonization of these elements will be complicated. However, a European action programme, like the thematic strategy for soil protection, could initiate this process of harmonization. Nevertheless, soil-clean-up standards could never be uniform over the whole of Europe because they include country specific elements (geographical, ethnological) and political decisions.     

基于SPI的近53 a宁夏干旱时空演变特征研究

利用宁夏回族自治区9个气象站点1959-2011年的逐月降水数据计算其标准化降水指标(standardized precipitation index,SPI)值,并结合干旱站次比、干旱强度、气候倾向率及ArcGIS中反距离加权插值等方法,分析了研究区干旱的时空变化特征。结果表明,近53 a来,宁夏回族自治区年SPI在波动中呈降低的趋势,其变化倾向率为-0.131/10 a,呈更加干旱趋势,且干旱增幅以21世纪最大;从季节SPI变化来看,春、夏、秋季干旱呈增重趋势,但冬季有所缓解。从干旱发生的范围和强度来看,宁夏回族自治区重旱发生范围略有扩大,而轻旱和中旱略有减小,强度微呈减弱趋势;四季中,总体呈现出冬季干旱强度略增,范围缩小,春季干旱范围扩大。强度增强,而夏秋干旱范围缩小。宁夏回族自治区存在季节连旱频发现象,持续时间长,尤其是春、夏、秋跨季节连旱对农业生产影响最大。年和季节SPI的空间差异明显,表现为由北向南干旱的加重幅度逐渐增大,尤以南部山区对区域干旱变化的响应最为敏感。     

西部开发中宁南旱区畜牧业的发展战略——以海原县为例

依据宁南旱区的自然资源特点 ,通过对宁南旱区畜牧业现状的深入分析 ,提出了在西部开发中宁南旱区畜牧业发展战略 :退耕还草 ,改善生态环境 ;优化畜群结构 ,加强品种改良力度 ;努力改善畜牧业赖以发展的基础条件 ;优化资源配置 ,提高经营的综合效益 ;大力发展社会化服务体系 ,走可持续发展道路     

重庆三峡库区农村生活污水排放特征及影响因素分析

为了解重庆三峡库区农村生活污水排放特征,正确评价农村生活污染状况,选取重庆三峡库区3个行政区中不同经济收入水平、有无下水设施的18户典型农户为监测对象,对其生活污水日产生量、pH、COD、TP、TN、TAN等6项指标进行了连续12月的跟踪监测。结果表明,18户对象农户生活污水人均日产生量、pH、COD、TP、TN、TAN等指标的平均水平分别为：15.22 L·cap-1·d-1、6.67、838.93 mg·L-1、4.19 mg·L-1、53.60 mg·L-1、13.39 mg·L-1,具有人均污水日产生量明显低于而各特征指标的浓度明显高于城镇生活污水的特点;COD、TP、TN、TAN浓度随季节的变化表现出夏季浓度较低,冬季浓度较高的规律,且COD、TP、TN、TAN浓度之间具有显著的正相关性。此外,利用SPSS软件对影响农村生活污水排放特性的地域、季节、农户收入水平和有无下水设施等因素进行了分析,其结果显示：农村生活污水人均日产生量的主要影响因素为地域,COD的主要影响因素为地域、收入水平和季节,TP的主要影响因素为地域、有无下水, TN和TAN的主要影响因素为季节。