不同锌源高锌日粮对肉羊血液指标和免疫功能的影响

研究了以硫酸锌和氧化锌为锌源的高锌日粮对肉羊血液指标和免疫功能影响。结果表明,添加200 mg/kg硫酸锌和400 mg/kg氧化锌对肉羊的日增重有明显促进作用,对血液指标无显著影响,对免疫功能具有强化作用。上述强化作用不再随剂量的增加而再度强化,提示了合理添加饲粮锌的必要性。     

免疫增强剂对蛋用雏鸡免疫功能的影响

用维生素Ｅ－硒（ＶＥ－Ｓｅ）注射液、中草药１号、硫酸锌、牲血素、胸腺肽和左旋咪唑作免疫增强剂，采用β－微量鸡新城疫血凝抑制试验（ＮＤ—ＨＩ）、醋酸纤维薄膜电泳（测血清丙球蛋白γ－Ｉｇ）以及α－萘酯酶法（ＡＮＡＥ），检测了参试雏鸡的３种免疫学指标．结果表明：ＶＥ—Ｓｅ注射液对蛋用雏鸡的ＮＤ—ＨＩ抗体、γ－Ｉｇ和ＡＮＡＥ＋淋巴细胞均比对照组明显提高，差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）．中草药１号具有与ＶＥ－Ｓｅ注射液相似的免疫增强效果．补锌组在４９日纷呈现良好的免疫增强作用（Ｐ＜０．０５）．补铁剂和胸腔肽只对γ－Ｉｇ有升高作用．左旋咪唑不产生明显的免疫增强效果．     

Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Haemonchus contortus infections in light bodyweight Merino lambs

OBJECTIVE; To show that low bodyweight is a predisposing cause of high Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Haemonchus contortus burdens and egg counts in Merino lambs. DESIGN: A comparison was made, among lambs of different bodyweights, on the effect on immunity of a primary or secondary viable infection with T colubriformis or H contortus larvae. PROCEDURE: Sixty-one Merino lambs, 1 or 6 months of age, were penned indoors and given primary, or both primary and secondary, infection of T colubriformis or H contortus. Faecal egg counts, worm counts and parasite-specific immunoglobulin concentrations were examined for their relationships with bodyweight. RESULTS: Bodyweight at the start of a primary infection was correlated with worm burden, worm fecundity and jejunal IgA antibody concentration. Merino lambs weighing less than 23 kg at the time of first exposure to T colubriformis or H contortus had impaired ability to develop protective mucosal immunity and to resist homologous challenge. CONCLUSION: If the goal is to ensure that lambs develop immunity before weaning, then every endeavour should be made to achieve the combination of critical bodyweight and exposure to moderate levels of nematode infection as soon as possible.     

日本对虾血清凝集素及其免疫作用的初步研究

用日本对虾（Penaeus japonicus)亲虾的血清与11株弧菌和7种脊椎动物的红细胞进行凝集反应实验，其中，溶藻弧菌HW283的凝集效价最高，达4096，而产气弧菌和海蛹弧菌的凝集效价最低，仅为8；与红细胞的凝集结果显示，对虾血清与大白鼠，小白鼠，豚鼠的红细胞反应较强，与鸡、人、山羊、兔的红细胞反应较弱，表明日本对虾血清中存在自然凝集素，养成期的日本对虾经弧菌菌苗免疫后，对该致病菌株的抵抗力获得提高，病原感染组，对照组和菌苗免疫组的对虾血清分析对豚鼠，大白鼠和小白鼠红细胞的凝集强度皆为感染组＞对照组＞免疫组。     

The immune response of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), skin to high water temperature

The immune responses of mucus from the skin of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, were studied in relation to changing water temperature. Groups of fish were exposed to a programmed increase of 3 °C per 48 h, until the experimental water temperatures of 16, 20, 23, 25, 27 or 28 °C were reached. After 48 h at the relevant temperature, the expressions of immune‐related factors were determined, including immunoglobulin M (IgM), IL‐1β, hepcidin, transferrin, lysozyme, acid/alkaline phosphatase and superoxide dismutase using RT–PCR and spectrophotometric methods. Significant changes in mucus immunity were observed, which paralleled with those previously reported for serum in other fish species. Hence, it is suggested that the serum and mucus immune system of turbot have a similar regulatory system. This information could be useful in better understanding the role of the mucus as a component of the innate immune system.     

鱼类粘膜免疫研究进展

Fish immunology has achieved great progress in recent years. While before 1990s, most researches focused on the fish systematic immunity, and the mucosal immunity of fish had not been given enough attention. Indeed, it has been shown that fish mucosal immunity plays an important role in disease defense. Fish mucosal immunity research has made some exciting progress in this decade. This review will focus on such progress: Constitution of mucosal-associated tissues and distribution of different immune cells, including T/B lymphocytes, granules, monocytes, macrophages, goblet cells, etc, in these sites have been well described with the development of some monoclonal antibody to these cells and associated techniques. Non-specific immune response mechanism of mucosal tissues reported these years, such as secretion of non-specific anti-bacteria and anti-fungi substances in mucus, the respiratory burst, enzyme activity of immune cells and so on, is believed important for fish disease defense. The specific immunity of mucosal tissues also attracts much interest and makes great achievement in antigen presenting, MHC genes, antibody producing and antibody secreting cells, comparison of serum and mucus immunoglobulin, relationships of immune response between different mucosal immune tissues. Whether mucosal immune system is independent of systematic immune system is another interesting question and causes great concern. In recent years, some evidences from phyletic evolution and ontogenesis show that mucosal immunity is prior to systematic immunity in evolution. Dynamics of antibody producing of mucosal tissues and serum in immersion or oral vaccines immunized fish also shows immune response can be elicited in mucosal tissues independent of systematic immune system. Some researchers also begin to pay attention to factors involved in mucosal immune regulations, for instance, neuromodulators and cytokines. The level of these factors changes in fish immune response process but the mechanisms of regulation still remain unknown. Prospect of the promising future of fish mucosal immunity has also been discussed in this review.     

维生素A缺乏对建鲤生长性能及免疫功能的影响

幼建鲤体重(11 37±0 55)g,投喂不添加或添加维生素A的3组试验饲料,进行饲养实验70d,攻毒实验15d和免疫接种实验24d,研究维生素A缺乏对幼建鲤生长性能和免疫功能的影响,结果表明,维生素A缺乏组(0IU/kg)建鲤的成活率、摄食量、增重、净蛋白质沉积率、肥满度、肝胰脏指数、肝胰脏维生素A含量、肠道皱襞高度,头肾重量、脾脏重量和指数、后肾重量和指数、血液红细胞、白细胞数量和血清溶菌酶活力显著降低(P<0 05),且饲料系数显著增加(P<0 05),而对头肾体指数、用灭活嗜水气单胞菌免疫后第10和17天血清抗体水平影响不显著(P>0 05)。基于本实验研究结果,可知维生素A是维持幼建鲤正常生长和免疫机能必不可少的营养成分。当饲料中维生素A含量达到3969IU/kg时,一定程度上可满足幼建鲤正常生长和免疫机能的需要,进一步提高饲料维生素A含量(达23816IU/kg),对幼建鲤生长和饲料利用没有显著影响,但在一定程度可提高其免疫机能。     

Dietary medicinal herbs improve growth and some non-specific immunity of red sea bream <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pagrus major</Emphasis>

The effects of dietary medicinal herbs on growth and some non-specific immunity were investigated in juvenile red sea bream Pagrus major. The fish (mean body weight 24.0±0.2g) were fed fishmeal diets supplemented with either Massa medicata (Mm), Crataegi fructus (Cf), Artemisia capillaries (Ac), Cnidium officinale (Co), or a mixture of all the herbs (HM), and a control diet without medicinal herbs, for 12 weeks. Survival, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, condition factor and hemoglobin levels were higher in fish given herbal diets than fish given the control diet without herbs. Significantly higher serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol level and lysozyme activity were detected in HM and Co diet groups, and alternative complement pathway activity was detected in the HM diet group. However, significantly lower serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were obtained in all herbal diet groups compared with the control diet group. Pathogen challenge test by intraperitoneal injection of Vibrio anguillarum indicated that highest survival was obtained in the HM diet group followed by Ac, Co, Cf, and Mm diet groups. The lowest survival was obtained in the control group. These results reveal that medicinal herbs in diets enhance growth and some non-specific immunity of red sea bream.     

Investigation of humoral immune factors from selected groups of southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyii (Castelnau): implications for aquaculture

Serum immunoglobulin, lysozyme and classical and alternative complement activity were analysed in different groups of wild and captive southern bluefin tuna (SBT), Thunnus maccoyii (Castelnau), from ambient water temperatures of 12 ± 1 and 20 ± 1 °C. Groups held captive for the longest time were found to have the highest levels of these humoral immune mediators, despite a drop in ambient temperature from 20 ± 1 to 12 ± 1 °C during the captivity period. Therefore, it may be that the immune response in these endothermic fish is not inhibited by low temperature to the extent seen in poikilothermic fish. Also, length of time in captivity appears to be associated with increased antigen exposure to maintain high levels of humoral immune mediators in these groups. Lysozyme activity was optimal at pH 5.8 and 6.2, suggesting that two isoforms, with different pH optima, are present. The SBT serum was found to lyse sheep erythrocytes by both classical and alternative complement pathways. Classical pathway activity occurred in the absence of prior sensitization with antiserum to sheep red blood cells, suggesting that natural antibodies may be present (or lectin or C-reactive protein mediated activation). Complement activity was relatively resistant to freezing at −20 °C but heating at between 45 and 50 °C for 20 min destroyed all complement activity.     

The effect of dietary vitamin A on the immunocompetence of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. were maintained on diets containing low (0.37 mg kg^–1 diet), normal (1.95 mg kg^–1 diet) and high (15 mg kg^–1 diet) levels of vitamin A fed at 1.5% body weight per day. After 4 months, liver vitamin A levels reflected dietary intake and growth rates of all three groups were similar. Kidney leucocyte migration and serum bactericidal activity were found to be significantly reduced in fish fed low levels of vitamin A. On the other hand, high levels of vitamin A in the diet were found to augment serum antiprotease activity relative to the levels found in the other dietary groups. However, phagocyte respiratory burst activity, bactericidal activity and eicosanoid production were unaffected by the dietary vitamin A regime, as were lymphocyte functions (lymphokine and antibody production) and both serum lysozyme and classical complement activity. That the overall immunomodulatory effect of vitamin A was small was reflected in the resistance to Aeromonas salmonicida. No significant differences were found between the different vitamin A intake groups despite a trend to decreased resistance in the low vitamin A diet group.