铝中毒对蛋鸡白细胞和红细胞免疫功能的影响

采用连续腹腔注射相同体积不同浓度梯度的三氯化铝，建立不同程度的鸡亚慢性铝中毒型，检测铝中毒雏鸡外周血白细胞数(WBC)、淋巴细胞总数、ANAE+T数及红细胞C3b受体花环率和红细胞免疫复合物花环率。结果表明，铝中毒雏鸡外周血白细胞数、淋巴细胞总数、ANAE+T数及红细胞C3b受体花环率均明显低于健康对照组雏鸡，而红细胞免疫复合物花环率明显高于健康对照组雏鸡。上述结果说明, 铝中毒对雏鸡细胞免疫和非特异性免疫功能有明显的抑制作用。     

脂肪对家禽免疫的影响

营养因素对家禽免疫具有重要作用。脂肪是家禽必需的重要营养元素之一，不仅是维持家禽正常生长、繁殖、生产不可缺少的组成成分与营养物质，也是调节家禽免疫器官、组织和免疫应答反应不可缺少的物质基础。作者从脂肪的生理营养功能，就其对家禽的免疫器官发育、体液免疫、细胞免疫、非特异性免疫、细胞因子产生的影响等方面进行了综述。为合理配制家禽日粮，提高家禽抵抗疾病的能力提供理论依据。     

乳腺分泌物中体细胞的研究进展

不同物种的乳腺分泌物中含有的细胞成分被称为体细胞,其中包括淋巴细胞、白细胞、巨噬细胞和上皮细胞。物种、乳腺感染情况、不同生理阶段和饲养管理条件等因素均会影响乳中的体细胞数量和细胞类型。近年来,乳中体细胞得到了人们的关注和深入研究,显示出广阔的应用前景。人们利用从初乳和常乳中得到的乳腺上皮细胞已经成功进行了乳腺细胞的原代培养和建立了乳腺细胞系,为乳生成、被动免疫转移和乳腺癌的研究提供了良好平台。体细胞中提取的RNA代表了乳腺组织的基因表达,因此为研究乳腺组织的基因表达提供了方便、良好的来源。     

H5N2与H5N1禽流感油乳灭活疫苗免疫鹅群对H5N1流行株攻毒的保护效力及母源抗体对免疫效力的干扰

应用H5N2和H5N12种类型禽流感油乳灭活疫苗分别免疫鹅群,观察比较了二者对H5N1型高致病性禽流感病毒的攻毒保护效力。结果表明,在同等剂量免疫条件下,从发病率、死亡率和泄殖腔排毒规律3项指标综合评价来看,H5N1灭活苗水禽免疫组对高致病性禽流感H5N1流行株攻毒的保护效率较H5N2灭活苗理想,且水禽禽流感母源抗体对灭活苗免疫具有一定的干扰作用。     

Comparative immunology

As a discipline, comparative immunology enhances zoology and has gained wide acceptance in the biological sciences. It is an offshoot of the parent field, immunology, and is an amalgam of immunology and zoology. All animals from protozoans to humans have solved the threat of extinction by having evolved an immune‐defense strategy that ensures the capacity to react against foreign, non‐self microorganisms and cancers that disturb the homeostatic self. Invertebrate‐type innate immune responses evolved first and they characterize the metazoans. These rapid natural responses act immediately and are often essential for the occurrence of slower, more specific, adaptive vertebrate‐type immune responses. As components of the innate immune system, there is an emphasis on several major steps in the evolutionary process: (i) recognition; (ii) the phagocytic cell; and (iii) the natural killer cell. When vertebrates evolved, beginning with fish, thymus‐controlled T cells first appeared, as did bone marrow‐derived B cells (first found in amphibians with long bones). These were the precursors of the plasma cells that synthesize and secrete antibodies. Confirming the concept of self/non‐self, invertebrates possess natural, non‐adaptive, innate, non‐clonal, non‐anticipatory immune responses, whereas vertebrates possess adaptive, acquired, clonal, and anticipatory responses. This symposium concerns: (i) aspects of the immune spectrum in representative groups; (ii) specific findings (in particular models; e.g. earthworms); (iii) clues as to the possible biomedical application of relevant molecules derived from animals, notably invertebrates; and (iv) some views on the more practical applications of understanding immune systems of invertebrates and ectotherms, and their possible role in survival.     

DNA疫苗的作用机制及新型免疫策略的研究进展

疫苗是预防和控制严重传染病的重要手段，将基因工程用于疫苗生产已经成为生物技术的热点内容之一。治疗性基因工程疫苗是近些年研究的重点，并迅速从治疗传染性疾病的研究扩展到非传染性疾病的研究，如治疗性乙肝疫苗、治疗性肿瘤疫苗等。本文针对这一热点阐述基因工程DNA疫苗的作用机制及新型免疫策略研究的进展。     

爱拔益加肉鸡和北京油鸡体液免疫及细胞免疫功能的比较研究

试验选用1日龄健康爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡和北京油鸡公雏各72只。检测新城疫抗体效价,牛血清白蛋白抗体水平,外周血T、B淋巴细胞转化率以及T淋巴细胞亚群等指标。结果表明:北京油鸡二免后第7天的新城疫抗体效价和二免后第6天的牛血清白蛋白抗体水平都比AA肉鸡的高,但均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。北京油鸡的脂多糖(LPS)刺激指数始终比AA肉鸡的高(P>0.05);21日龄时,北京油鸡的刀豆素(A ConA)刺激指数、CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞数量以及CD4+/CD8+都比AA肉鸡的高,但均无显著性差异(P>0.05);而42日龄时,AA肉鸡的ConA刺激指数、CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞数量以及CD4+/CD8+却高于北京油鸡(P<0.05)。本试验结果提示,AA肉鸡和北京油鸡的体液免疫和细胞免疫功能之间存在一定的差异,但差异不显著。     

荷斯坦乳牛乳腺和乳腺上皮细胞中Toll样受体及辅助因子编码基因的检测

参照牛TLR4、TLR2、CD14、MD-2基因序列设计了相应基因的引物。采用RT-PCR技术检测了体外培养的荷斯坦乳牛乳腺和乳腺上皮细胞中Toll样受体TLR4、TLR2及辅助因子CD14、MD-2基因。结果显示,乳腺上皮细胞中存在TLR4、TLR2、CD14和MD-2四个基因的表达,而乳腺中除MD-2未检测到外,其余3个基因均扩增成功。说明该受体及辅助因子可能参与了乳腺的先天性免疫防御。该研究为探讨乳腺的先天性免疫及乳腺上皮细胞在乳腺先天性免疫中的作用奠定了基础。     

Streptococcus Suis: Past and Present

Staats, J.J., Feder, I., Okwumabua, O. and Chengappa, M.M., 1997. Streptococcus suis: past and present. Veterinary Research Communications, 21 (6), 381-407Steptococcus suis is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic coccus that has been implicated as the cause of a wide range of clinical disease syndromes in swine and other domestic animals. In swine, the disease has spread worldwide but is more prevalent in countries with intensive swine management practices. The disease syndromes caused by S. suis in swine include arthritis, meningitis, pneumonia, septicaemia, endocarditis, polyserositis, abortions and abscesses. S. suis has also been implicated in disease in humans, especially among abattoir workers and swine and pork handlers. In humans, S. suis type 2 can cause meningitis, which may result in permanent hearing loss, septicaemia, endocarditis and death. The pathogenic mechanism of S. suis is not well defined. Several virulence factors have been identified, but their roles in pathogenesis and disease have not been well elucidated. Much work is in progress on characterization of virulence factors and mechanisms, with emphasis on the control of the disease. Because of the non-availability of suitable immunoprophylaxis, control of S. suis infection has depended mainly on the use of antimicrobials.     

An immunologist's perspective on nutrition,immunity, and infectious diseases: Introduction and overview

The immune system is a multifaceted arrangement of membranes (skin, epithelial, and mucus), cells, and molecules whose function is to eradicate invading pathogens or cancer cells from a host. Working together, the various components of the immune system perform a balancing act of being lethal enough to kill pathogens or cancer cells yet specific so as not to cause extensive damage to “self” tissues of the host. A functional immune system is a requirement of a healthy life in modern animal production. Yet infectious diseases still represent a serious drain on the economics (reduced production, cost of therapeutics, and vaccines) and welfare of animal agriculture. The interaction involving nutrition and immunity and how the host deals with infectious agents is a strategic determinant in animal health. Almost all nutrients in the diet play a fundamental role in sustaining an optimal immune response, such that deficient and excessive intakes can have negative consequences on immune status and susceptibility to a variety of pathogens. Dietary components can regulate physiological functions of the body; interacting with the immune response is one of the most important functions of nutrients. The pertinent question to be asked and answered in the current era of poultry production is whether the level of nutrients that maximizes production in commercial diets is sufficient to maintain competence of immune status and disease resistance. This question, and how to answer it, is the basis of this overview. Clearly, a better understanding of the interactions between the immune signaling pathways and productivity signaling could provide the basis for the formulation of diets that optimize disease resistance. By understanding the mechanisms of nutritional effects on the immune system, we can study the specific interactions that occur between diet and infections. This mechanism-based framework allows for experiments to be interpreted based on immune function during an infection. Thus, these experiments would provide a “real world” assessment of nutritional modulation of immune protection separating immune changes that have little impact on resistance from those that are truly important. Therefore, a coordinated account of the temporal changes in metabolism and associated gene expression and production of downstream immune molecules during an immune response and how nutrition changes these responses should be the focus of future studies. These studies could be answered using new “-eomics” technologies to describe both the local immune environments and the host-pathogen interface.