中草药对肉鸡生产性能、免疫指标及抗氧化功能的影响

将1日龄AA肉鸡720羽,随机分为四组,分别饲喂四种不同处理的日粮：（1）基础日粮,（2）在前、后期基础日粮中均添加中草药1．5kg／t,（3）在前、后期基础日粮中均添加中草药2kg／t,（4）在前、后期基础日粮中分别添加中草药2kg／t、1．5kg／t。通过测定肉鸡的生产性能、免疫器官和抗氧化指标,研究其在肉鸡饲料中的应用效果。结果表明：添加不同水平的中草药均提高了肉鸡前期生产性能;对早期免疫器官的发育亦具促进作用,第3组的法氏囊重及其指数、脾脏重和脾脏指数有显著提高（P〈0．05）;3、4组后期料重比分别降低了4．9％、6．8％,42日龄体增重分别提高了4．52,5、7％;且试验组死淘率均低于对照组;促进了其免疫器官的发育,有提高血清抗氧化性能的趋势;饲料中添加中草药明显改善了养殖经济效益。     

狂犬病现状、危害与防制思路

简要介绍了国内外狂犬病病毒(RV)的研究进展,特别是我国大陆地区人、犬、猫、鹿和毛皮兽中的狐、貉、狼、獾狂犬病的流行状况与特点。并对我国在狂犬病防制中存在的问题,提出了诸如加强宣传,提高民众的公益意识,完善法律法规,实施对犬猫强制免疫,提高免疫质量等狂犬病防制的建议。     

Human gene therapy vectors derived from feline lentiviruses

Lentiviral vectors are useful for gene transfer to dividing and nondividing cells. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) vectors transduce most human cell types with good efficiency and may have advantages for clinical gene therapy applications. This article reviews significant progress in the development and refinement of FIV vector systems.     

家兔抗长角血蜱免疫模型的建立及对长角血蜱成蜱生长发育的影响

每隔2周用长角血蜱成蜱定量感染家兔,成功构建了具有不同抵抗力的家兔免疫模型。ELISA检测结果表明,家兔血清中的抗体效价从初次叮咬后第3周开始呈阳性,随着叮咬次数的增加抗体水平逐渐上升,第11周时达到高峰。具有一定抵抗力的家兔对长角血蜱成蜱的吸血和生长发育影响显著,其抗体水平与长角血蜱成蜱在兔体的吸血周期、死亡率成正相关,与雌蜱的饱血脱落率、饱血体重成负相关。结果进一步证明,蜱的唾液腺是其主要的免疫器官之一。家兔抗体水平的持续期足以使长角血蜱完成一个世代,可以满足试验需求,是抗蜱免疫研究理想的阳性对照模型。同时,血清中特异性抗体的效价也可以作为判断动物对长角血蜱抵抗力强弱的重要指标之一。     

饲料中添加低聚木糖对仿刺参幼参生长性能、肠道消化酶活力和免疫力的影响

在水温14.8~18.6℃、盐度(29±1)PSU下,用120 L的蓝色塑钢水箱研究了饲料中添加低聚木糖(xylo-oligosaccharides,XOS)对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)幼参生长性能、肠道消化酶活力和免疫力的影响。配制XOS添加量分别为0(对照)、0.015%、0.030%、0.045%、0.060%和0.075%的6组试验饲料,投喂平均体重为(6.80±1.05)g的仿刺参幼参75 d。每组饲料随机投喂3个水箱,每个水箱放养45头幼参。结果显示:饲料中添加XOS显著提高了仿刺参幼参的特定生长率(SGR)(P0.05)。饲料中XOS添加水平(X)与仿刺参幼参SGR(Y)之间的回归方程为Y=-151.68 X2+13.302 X+0.860 7(R2=0.927 5),得出XOS添加量为0.044%时SGR最高。饲料中添加XOS对仿刺参幼参的成活率(SR)和出皮率(GBW R)无显著影响(P0.05)。饲料中添加XOS提高了仿刺参幼参的干物质表观消化率(ADDM),但仅0.030%组显著高于对照组(P0.05)。饲料中添加0.030%~0.060%的XOS显著提高了仿刺参肠道蛋白酶、淀粉酶活力和体腔液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力(P0.05),以0.045%组肠道蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力最高,以0.060%组体腔液中SOD活力最大。饲喂30 d时,饲料中添加0.030%~0.075%的XOS显著提高了仿刺参体腔液中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活力(P0.05),而饲喂60 d时,除0.045%组外,其他各组体腔液中AKP活力无显著差异(P0.05)。由此得出,饲料中添加0.030%~0.060%的XOS可提高仿刺参幼参肠道消化酶活力,增强其免疫力,从而促进仿刺参幼参生长;仿刺参饲料中XOS的最适添加量为0.044%,建议XOS投喂时间在2个月左右。     

地顶孢霉培养物对大鼠生长性能、血清与肝脏抗氧化及免疫指标的影响

本试验旨在研究地顶孢霉培养物对大鼠生长性能、血清与肝脏抗氧化以及免疫指标的影响。选用体重相近的SD大鼠40只,随机分成5组,每组8个重复,每个重复1只大鼠。5组分别是对照组和4个不同地顶孢霉培养物剂量组(10、50、250和1 250 mg/kg BW组),连续灌胃21 d。结果表明:地顶孢霉培养物极显著提高大鼠的平均日增重(P0.01);提高了大鼠肝脏指数、胸腺指数;提高了大鼠血清中总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)和葡萄糖(GLU)含量,降低了谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活力和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量;提高了血清和肝脏中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,同时提高了肝脏中的总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)含量;提高了血清免疫球蛋白A、免疫球蛋白G和免疫球蛋白M含量,同时提高血清和肝脏中白介素-4(IL-4)含量,降低白介素-1β(IL-1β)和白介素-17(IL-17)含量。综合各项指标,地顶孢霉培养物能够提高SD大鼠平均日增重,改善血清生化指标,提高大鼠机体抗氧化能力和免疫能力,其中以250 mg/kg BW的添加量为最佳。     

Synbiotics suppress the release of lactate dehydrogenase,promote non‐specific immunity and integrity of jejunum mucosa in piglets

The aim of our experiment was to study how synbiotics are able to deal with the problems of post‐weaning piglets. Lactobacillus plantarum – Biocenol^TM LP96 (CCM 7512), Lactobacillus fermentum – Biocenol^TM LF99 (CCM 7514) and flaxseed (rich in n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) were administered to 36 conventional piglets from a problematic breed with confirmed presence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Coronavirus. The experimental piglets were supplied with probiotic cheeses and crushed flax‐seed in the period starting 10 days before weaning and lasting up to 14 days post‐weaning. Piglets in the control group were supplied only control cheese. The impact of such additives on the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; spectroscopic and electrophoretic assay), alteration of immunity (index of metabolic activity), jejunum histology (light microscopy), and health of conventional piglets from a problematic breed (monitoring of hematology, consistency and moisture of feces and body temperature) were examined. We found significant decrease in LDH leakage in the blood serum and tissue extracts, indicating better cell membrane integrity in the individual organs of animals. Probiotics and flaxseed applied together seem to be a good source of nutrients to improve the immune status and the integrity of jejunum mucosa during infection. © 2015 Japanese Society of Animal Science     

Chitosan nano-encapsulation improves the effects of mint,thyme, and cinnamon essential oils in broiler chickens

ABSTRACT

1. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of chitosan nano-encapsulating mint (MEO), thyme (TEO) and cinnamon (CEO) essential oils (EOs) used in the diet on performance, immune responses and intestinal bacteria population in broiler chickens.

2. A total of 600 mixed-sex, 1-d-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were used in a 2 × 4 factorial experiment as completely randomised design with 8 experimental groups (diets) with 5 replicates of 15 chicks each (totally 40 pens). The eight experimental diets consisted of no EO and free distiller water (control); no EO and chitosan nano-encapsulated (CNE) distiller water; and other six treatments with free or CNE form of MEO, TEO and CEO (added at 0.025%, 0.04% and 0.055% respectively to starter, grower and finisher diets).

3. Both EOs and the CNE form had significant (P < 0.05) benefits on improving body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio in periods of 29–42 and 1–42 days. The highest effect was (P < 0.05) obtained in birds receiving TEO, which was intensified by nano-encapsulation. Breast percentage was improved by nano-encapsulation (P < 0.05). The EOs (especially TEO and CEO) and CNE form improved (P < 0.05) serum IgY and IgM concentrations (at 35 and 42 days) and intestinal Lactobacillus spp. and E. coli populations (at 42 days) in broilers. Nano-encapsulated EOs, especially TEO and CEO had (P < 0.05) the largest effect on increasing IgY₄₂ concentrations and the microbial populations.

4. The tested EOs, especially TEO, improved more of the evaluated traits in broiler chickens. Also, Chitosan nano-encapsulation because of its ideal properties can be an effective, suitable and inexpensive method for protecting bioactive compounds and improving effects of the herbal EOs especially thyme in broiler chickens.

     

家蚕核型多角体病毒表面展示猪流行性腹泻病毒S1蛋白及其黏膜免疫原性研究

猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)可以通过呼吸道感染在猪群中传播,提示呼吸道粘膜也许可以作为疫苗免疫接种的位点。PEDV通过表面的纤突蛋白S识别受体并侵入宿主细胞,该蛋白质S1区(1~735 aa)是PEDV主要的中和位点以及受体结合域,参与病毒吸附入侵宿主细胞。利用家蚕核型多角体病毒在BmN细胞中表达融合蛋白S1-eGFP并展示于病毒表面,Western blot鉴定融合蛋白分子质量约为150 kD。以重组杆状病毒为免疫原雾化免疫BALB/c小鼠,结果表明免疫16 d后小鼠血清中S1特异性IgG抗体效价可达1∶3 200,血清和肺气管润洗液中都能检测到高水平的S1特异性sIgA,说明引起了较强的黏膜免疫反应;脾淋巴细胞增殖结果进一步表明重组杆状病毒雾化免疫可以有效地诱导小鼠产生细胞免疫。研究结果初步表明,表面展示S1的重组杆状病毒可以作为PEDV黏膜免疫候选疫苗,具有进一步开发研究的价值。     

Effect of dietary inclusion of cumin seed oil on the performance,egg quality,immune response and ovarian development in laying hens under high ambient temperature

The objective of the present study was to find the effect of cumin seed oil (CSO, Cuminum cyminum L.) on the laying performance, ovarian follicular development and immune response in laying hens under high ambient temperature. A total of 162 Boven hens were randomly divided into three treatments and were fed, ad libitum, diets containing 0 (control), 250 or 500 g CSO per ton from 24 to 30 weeks of age. The experiment was done during summer season where the average temperate was 30 to 36°C. Feed intake and egg mass were recorded. Egg quality characteristics and egg‐yolk cholesterol content were evaluated. Ovary and oviduct samples were immediately weighted, and ovarian follicles were classified. Plasma total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, LDL‐cholesterol, HDL‐cholesterol glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were measured. Yolk width, yolk weight, yolk colour, shell weight and shell thickness were increased by feeding CSO. Egg production rate was not affected. However, dietary 500 g CSO per ton had a significantly positive impact on egg weight in comparison with control. The FCR was improved by feeding 500 g CSO per ton; however, feed intake and egg mass were not affected by CSO treatments. Plasma GOT, GPT and triglycerides were significantly decreased, while, plasma HDL‐cholesterol was significantly (p < .05) increased due to CSO treatments. Yolk cholesterol content was significantly decreased; however, liver malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was insignificantly decreased due to dietary treatments. Interestingly, the inclusion of CSO in laying hens’ diets improved the antibody titres against Newcastle disease (ND, p < .05) and against avian influenza H9N1 (p > .05) when compared with the control diet. It could be concluded that dietary inclusion of CSO improved egg weight, FCR, yolk and shell quality characteristics and did not have a negative effect on the reproductive morphology parameters in laying hens.