全球气候变暖对中国种植制度的可能影响XIV.东北大豆高产稳产区及农业气象灾害分析

【目的】大豆是主要的粮油兼用作物,东北三省是我国大豆主产区,研究气候变化背景下东北三省大豆气候生产潜力高产稳产性区域分布及其变化特征,明确不同区域限制大豆高产稳产性的主要农业气象灾害,可为东北三省大豆合理布局、防灾避灾以及高产稳产提供科学参考。【方法】以1981年为时间节点,将研究时段划分为1961—1980年（时段Ⅰ）和1981—2019年（时段Ⅱ）两个时段,利用调参验证后的DSSAT-CROPGRO-Soybean模型模拟研究区域大豆潜在种植区各站点气候生产潜力,明确气候变化背景下大豆气候生产潜力高产稳产性区域分布及其变化特征;结合大豆冷害和干旱指标,明确不同高产稳产性区域冷害和干旱的时空分布特征;结合统计方法,明确限制大豆高产性和稳产性的主要农业气象灾害因子。【结果】（1）与1961—1980年（时段Ⅰ）相比,1981—2019年（时段Ⅱ）大豆潜在种植区增加2.81×10⁶ hm²,占研究区域总土地面积的3.57%;（2）与时段Ⅰ相比,时段Ⅱ稳产区面积占比减少,其中高产稳产区面积占潜在种植区内总土地面积的比例由17.67%减少到17.11%,高产不稳产区占比由13.54%增加到15.13%,低产稳产区占比由34.98%增加到38.17%,低产不稳产区占比由18.58%减小到18.49%;（3）研究时段内,大豆生长季冷害发生频次总体呈现先上升后下降趋势,高产稳产和高产不稳产区冷害特别是严重冷害发生频次高于低产稳产区以及低产不稳产区;大豆生长季轻旱和中旱发生频次增加,重旱发生频次减小;（4）大豆产量变化与冷害发生频次呈负相关关系,产量变异性的变化与冷害和干旱发生频次均呈正相关关系。【结论】气候变暖背景下,东北三省大豆潜在种植区呈北移西扩趋势,可种植面积增加;大豆高产不稳产和低产稳产面积增加,高产稳产区和低产不稳产区面积减少;不同高产稳产性区域内主要农业气象灾害不同,低产区较高产区总体低温冷害发生频次高,不稳产区较稳产区干旱发生频次高。但在高产稳产性变化区域,冷害发生频次下降,干旱发生频次上升。总体而言冷害是大豆高产性的主要限制因子,冷害和干旱是大豆产量不稳定的主要限制因子。     

基于GEE的广西北部湾沿海水产养殖池塘遥感提取

沿海水产养殖池塘带来经济效益的同时,也会引起诸多环境问题,了解其空间分布对于海岸带的科学管理和渔业可持续发展具有重要意义.广西北部湾海岸带地形错综复杂,养殖池塘沿岸线散乱分布,导致传统遥感识别方法难以实现高精度提取.针对此问题,该研究提出一种基于Google Earth Engine(GEE)平台和全年Sentinel...     

Precipitation as the most affecting factor on soil–plant environment conditions affects the mycorrhizal spore numbers in three different ecological zones in Turkey

Mycorrhizal symbiosis is the one of the most important relationship between microbiota and plants to sustain plant nutrition in relatively unfavourable conditions. Somehow this relation is threatened by time, therefore, definition of the factors effecting mycorrhizal symbiosis has become essential. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in specific mycorrhizal parameters such as sporulation and soil–plant environment conditions in three different regions of Turkey. During 1996?2002, 53 soil series were selected from natural and agricultural plant communities in three different agro-ecological zones of Turkey: Central Anatolia (CA), the Southeastern Anatolian (SA) project area and the Coast of Mediterranean (CM). The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), spore numbers and mycorrhizal root colonization were related to the annual average precipitation, soil characteristics and host plant identity.

In the CM zone (average annual precipitation of 650?mm), soils found under natural vegetation contained a maximum value of 108?spores?g^?1, with bare soils containing a minimum number of 0.1?spores?g^?1. In the CA zone (330?mm annual average precipitation), the maximum number of spores in the soil samples was 46.5?spores?g^?1 with a minimum of 6.8?spores?g^?1 and in the SA soil samples (380?mm annual average precipitation), a maximum of 48.4?spores?g^?1 and a minimum of 14.2?spores?g^?1 were recorded. The overall mean number of mycorrhizal spores g^?1 soil was 15.5?±?14.4, 22.2?±?8.6 and 27.9?±?25.4 for the CA, SA and CM zones, respectively. Mean spore numbers differed in only two of the three zones, with the third zone being intermediate. Precipitation was the most affecting factor on the sporulation of AMF. Also host plant species and certain soil parameters, such as positive correlations with CaCO₃ and N-min and a negative correlation with organic matter, have an influence on sporulation.

The key finding is that the cropping system has a large impact on spore numbers/abundance. Seventeen standing crops as well as bare soil, fallow and natural areas were compared. There are a large number of factors which can affect mycorrhizal development; in the present work, it seems that soil and crop management, and environmental factors (such as precipitation) affect sporulation and root colonization. Covering land surface with mycorrhiza-dependent cover crop, irrigation and less soil till may increase indigenous mycorrhizal spores.     

莫能菌素微生物检定法的改进

本试验对莫能菌素微生物检定条件的影响因素、微生物检定所用的菌种及培养基成分进行了改进。实验结果表明,采用枯草芽孢杆菌代替短小芽孢杆菌以及培养基中（ｐＨ６．５～６．６）加入适量的磷酸氢二钾用于莫能菌素微生物检定法测定效价,所得到的抑菌圈清晰,边缘光滑,无双圈,从而提高了效价测定的准确性。     

具有潜在抑制肠道致病菌能力的乳酸菌的筛选

[目的]从实验室保藏的乳酸菌中筛选出耐酸耐胆盐能力较强的乳酸菌,并研究其对肠上皮细胞的黏附能力及对肠道病原菌的抑制能力。[方法]通过模拟人工胃肠液及体外与IEC-6细胞共培养来分别研究乳酸菌的耐酸耐胆盐能力及对细胞的黏附能力,并利用单层琼脂平板扩散法测定其抑菌效果。[结果]试验的27株乳酸菌中,10株乳酸菌在p H 3.0的人工模拟胃液中培养3 h的存活率均大于44.00%,在p H 8.0的人工模拟肠液中培养4 h的存活率均大于51.56%,在含0.30%胆盐的培养基中培养24 h的存活率均大20.00%;其中菌株C13、A03、A17及A90对IEC-6细胞的黏附个数均大于8个/cell;菌株C13、A03对艰难梭菌、沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌的抑制能力较强,抑菌圈直径均大于22 mm。经16S rRNA测序将C13和A03分别鉴定为鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosu)和植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)。[结论]L.rhamnosu C13、L.plantarum A03的耐酸耐胆盐能力及对上皮细胞的黏附能力较强,对肠道病原菌有较好的抑制作用,可作为良好的抑制肠道病原菌的候选益生菌株。     

MTT法测定8种中草药体外抗肝癌细胞SMMC-7721活性（摘要）

[目的]建立一套适合于实验室的高效、快速的体外抗肝癌活性物质筛选模型。[方法]首先,选用乙醇为溶剂对芸香草、半边莲、蜜蒙花、甘草、地榆、柴胡、旱芹和莪术8种中草药植物材料进行浸提。然后通过MTT法对8种中草药体外抗肝癌细胞SMMC-7721的活性进行初测。试验采用二甲基亚砜（DMSO）与甘氨酸-NaOH缓冲液作为溶剂,消除剩余培养基对吸光值的影响。为确保细胞株最大吸收峰位置不变,酶标仪采用570 nm波长测定OD值。为验证筛选出的3种物质对癌细胞的抑制作用,以活性物质浓度为横坐标,细胞生长抑制率为纵坐标,描绘肿瘤细胞生长曲线,倒置显微镜观察细胞不同阶段的生长状况。[结果]倒置显微镜下观察3种细胞阶段的形态：正常状态下,细胞的透明度大、折光性强、轮廓不清;当细胞受污染时,折光性变弱,胞质中常出现空泡、脂滴、颗粒样物质,细胞之间空隙加大,细胞变得不规则,失去原有特点;而受活性物质作用细胞尽管仍然贴壁,但其萎缩,边缘清晰化;三者之间存在一定区别。MTT法培养板定性检测显示,柴胡、莪术、甘草细胞培养孔内的液体颜色都较浅且比较均匀,可见,它们对细胞生长具有明显的抑制作用。而半边莲培养孔内液体颜色深浅不一。还有一些培养孔内液体颜色较深,如卤地菌、蜜蒙花、地榆和旱芹,表明它们对细胞生长没有明显的抑制作用。进一步定量计算表明,浓度为1.0～1.5 mg/ml的甘草乙醇浸提液（ESCG）、莪术乙醇浸提液（ESCC）和柴胡乙醇浸提液（ESCB）对体外培养的肝癌细胞SMMC-7721有较强的抑制增殖作用,抑制率分别为51.6%、48.5%和52.9%。甘草、柴胡和莪术3种物质的抑制作用曲线结果也验证了它们对细胞生长有明显的抑制作用,并且抑制程度与浓度呈正相关。[结论]MTT法筛选可作为重要抗肿瘤的1个基本筛选模型。     

利用植物低聚糖改善小麦抗病性

采用从小麦细胞壁提取的低聚糖处理小麦的悬浮培养细胞和愈伤组织,并从这两种处理材料中都分离出抗毒素.这种通过低聚糖处理而诱导积累的抗毒素对小麦赤霉病病菌具有较明显的抑菌作用.细胞学鉴定结果表明,抑菌作用的机制是抗毒素引起菌丝生长点膨大、破碎和解体.从而抑制了菌丝的正常增殖.同时.用低聚精直接处理小麦的大田植株.适宜浓度的低聚糖可以降低锈病和白粉病感染麦株的程度,改善小麦品种的抗病性状.     

益生菌对致病性大肠杆菌在雏鸡消化道内的作用效果

1日龄雏鸡120只,随机分为6组,用不同的方法处理后,对各组雏鸡7个部位（嗉囔、腺胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠、直肠）消化道黏膜黏附的O78进行分离计数,研究禽致病性大肠杆菌在雏鸡消化道的分布,比较益生菌对禽致病性大肠杆菌O78在不同雏鸡动物模型中的抑制作用。结果表明：禽致病性大肠杆菌O78主要定植在雏鸡的嗉囔、盲肠和直肠;抗生素处理组和非处理组在灌服益生菌后24、48、72、96h与对照纽相比,各消化道部位定植的O78均有不同程度的降低,说明益生菌对禽致病性大肠杆菌O78。具有较强的抑制能力;未处理组的雏鸡消化道内黏附的O78菌数低于抗生素处理组,说明益生菌在抑制病原菌同时可促进消化道有益菌群的生长,从而防止致病菌的感染。     

Contribution of methylated exudate flavonoids to the anti-inflammatory activity of Grindelia robusta

The flavonoid pattern of an acetonic extract of Grindelia robusta Nutt. was investigated in detail. The flavonoids were enriched by CC. In addition to twelve known methylated exudate flavonols four compounds were identified for the first time in G. robusta. Several substances of the flavonoid complex, among them the main compounds quercetin-3-methylether and 6-OH-kaempferol-3,6-dimethylether, were tested for their activity to inhibit neutrophil elastase. Quercetin-3-methylether was shown to be most active with an IC₅₀ of 19 µM, thus obviously contributing to the anti-inflammatory activity of the drug.     

Frequency and characteristics of sediment delivery pathways from forest harvest units to streams

Timber harvest is typically the largest area of anthropogenic disturbance in forested watersheds, and harvested areas may generate from one to five times more erosion than undisturbed areas (Motha et al., 2003). When sediment from harvested areas reaches stream channels it can degrade water quality and aquatic habitat. Streamside management zones (SMZs) are often prescribed to minimize sediment delivery, but there is little information about sediment delivery through these zones. Hence the objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the frequency of sediment delivery pathways (“features”) from timber harvest units; (2) measure the physical characteristics and connectivity of these features; and (3) develop models to predict the length and connectivity of features from harvest units to streams.