雪青梨适宜冬季修剪量及枝条再生率研究

在良好的栽培管理条件下,六年生雪青梨树冬季修剪量（去枝量）以40%左右为宜。冬季修剪后,树上总留枝量平均为216.7个,果枝留量121.3个,生长枝与结果枝比例为1：1.3。全树平均花序留量为207.7个,按照丰产优质标准,疏果后每株平均留果85.3个,当年平均产量26.4 kg/株,达到了幼树早期丰产的要求。在结果的同时,当年果枝形成率可达到47.1%,完全能够满足翌年丰产的需求。采用上述程度冬剪后,生长季枝条再生率（新生枝增加的比率）达到61.4%,生长季枝果比为4.1：1。冬剪对枝类比有一定的影响。冬季修剪前树冠长、中、短枝比率为24.8%、14.9和59.9%;冬剪后人为变化为15.7%、18.2%和66.2%,冬剪相对去枝量分别占原长枝、中枝和短枝数量的61.6%、26.0%和33.0%。然而,由于生长季新生枝条的出现和增加,长、中、短枝比例又恢复为25.5%、13.8%和60.7%,基本与上年冬剪前相同。采用上述方法修剪后,当年发生的新梢总数与上年修剪前枝条总数基本持平,说明若仅从维持生长与结果相对平衡的角度考虑,上述修剪量较为适宜。     

采收期对圆黄梨果实贮藏品质和采后生理的影响

不同采收期圆黄梨果实在常温（20±1）℃和冷藏（0±0.5）℃条件下的试验结果表明：圆黄梨有一定程度的呼吸跃变,乙烯释放量较小;在盛花期后128～142 d内,采收越早,贮藏期间果心褐变程度越轻,乙醇含量越低,但SSC含量相对偏低,果实风味稍差;盛花期后135 d采收的果实贮藏期间能保持较高的硬度和TA含量,风味良好,果柄新鲜程度较高。北京地区贮藏圆黄梨果实最佳采收期为盛花期后135 d。     

酿酒曲对柑橘梨汁复合酒发酵工艺的影响

通过添加不同含量的酿酒曲到柑橘梨汁复合液进行试验,结果表明：酿酒曲具有提高果汁出汁率,从而提高酒精度的作用;适当提高酿酒曲含量有利于果汁含糖量的快速降解,可获得较高浓度的酒精     

成熟期库尔勒香梨理化指标变化规律及相关性研究

为了研究库尔勒香梨成熟过程中理化指标的变化规律,探求成熟期库尔勒香梨主要理化指标间的相关性,以成熟期库尔勒香梨为研究对象,研究库尔勒香梨果实硬度、叶绿素含量、SSC(可溶性固形物含量)和维生素C含量的变化规律;采用相关分析和回归分析的方法,应用Spss软件和Excel软件对指标均值以及各指标间相关性进行了分析,并对试验结果进行了实验验证。研究结果表明:在成熟期内,库尔勒香梨果实理化参数变化范围分别为:硬度4.23~7.99 kg/cm2、叶绿素3.17~6.54 mg/100 g、SSC11.54%~15.41%、维生素C 1.9~4.2 mg/1 0 0 g;随着成熟的深入,果实硬度逐渐降低、叶绿素含量逐渐减少、SSC逐渐增加、维生素C含量逐渐增加;各指标均值在0.01水平上显著相关。回归分析过程中选取最优的拟合方式,并建立相应的数学模型,果实硬度和SSC与叶绿素含量和维生素C含量间决定系数均大于0.95,验证试验预测值与测量值误差小于3.2 1%,在库尔勒香梨成熟过程中可应用果实硬度和SSC对叶绿素和维生素C含量进行预测。研究结果能够为库尔勒香梨成熟度评价和分级提供参考。     

黄花梨果实冷藏适温的研究

黄花梨果实在０℃、４℃、８℃下进行贮藏试验，试验结果表明：低温可以抑制果实的呼吸作用，延缓呼吸高峰的出现，减少果实营养物质的消耗和色素的降解，延缓果实的成熟衰老；黄花梨果实的冷藏适温是４℃，在本试验条件下可贮藏６０ｄ，基本上保持原果的风味、颜色和品质，好果率仍保持１００％，失重率１．５０％；冷藏出库后采取逐渐升温或加抗氧化剂处理，在常温下７ｄ内可有效地延长果实货架寿命，尤以加抗氧化剂处理效果显著；无包装的黄花梨果实随着贮藏温度的升高，贮藏时间的延长，果实的失重率增加；而用聚乙烯薄膜袋包装则能显著地减少水分损失     

鸭梨不同施氮期肥料氮的平衡及其效应

以3年生初结果的鸭梨/杜梨为试材,用~(15)N示踪技术探讨了秋施、春施及夏施肥料氮在土壤-植物中的平衡及其效应。结果表明,肥料氮损失量与植株吸收量之比表现为夏施>秋施>春施;肥料氮利用率以春施最高,秋施次之,夏施最低。肥料氮在植株体内的分配基本上随生长中心的转移而转移,无果中、短枝有优先累积肥料氮的效应。以秋施肥料氮的分配与植株生长节奏最吻合,并能刺激生长势弱的植株吸收利用肥料氮。显示出秋施氮对植株的效应最好。     

早期疏花对梨果实早期发育影响

以金花梨、早酥梨、线穗梨、金秋梨四个大果型梨品种为试材,在不同时期,采用不同距离疏花,研究了它们的果实早期发育的特点。结果表明:早期疏花幼果细胞数增多;果实体积与细胞数、细胞大小呈正相关。疏花时期与疏花距离的最佳组合为:花序分离期,间距25～30cm。     

可食性保鲜涂膜对冷藏黄花梨品质的影响

为探讨可食性涂膜对冷藏黄花梨的保鲜效果,研究了虫胶和森帕尔2种保鲜膜浸涂的黄花梨在冷藏（4℃）过程中的品质变化的规律,并利用核磁共振成像检测了储藏结束后的黄花梨内部品质变化。结果表明,与直接冷藏的对照组相比,2种可食性保鲜膜处理均可显著降低黄花梨在储藏过程中的呼吸速率和失重,在储藏结束后,分别仅为对照组的74%～80%和68%～81%。并能够减少储藏过程中可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、抗坏血酸含量的变化,维持较低的核磁共振信号强度。与森帕尔保鲜膜相比,除在核磁共振信号强度无显著差异外,虫胶保鲜膜具有更好的保鲜效果。     

Nomenclature and genetic relationships of apples and pears from Terceira Island

Heritage apple (Malus domestica Borkh. hybrids) and pear (Pyrus communis L. hybrid) trees grow in villages throughout Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal. Some of these pears have different names but similar morphology. The objective of this study was to determine synonymy, homology, and phylogeny of apples and pears from Terceira and to examine potential relationships of the island pears with standard apples and pears of Portuguese or American descent. Nine apple microsatellite markers were used to determine genetic relationships. Distance- and parsimony-based cluster analysis grouped these genotypes into separate apple and pear clades. The Terceira apples were divided into two clades: the maçā and the reineta-reinette. Among the 17 heritage apple genotypes, seven unique accessions were identified and four groups of synonyms, or possibly clones, were detected including: ‘Reineta Agosto’ and ‘Reineta Verde’ from Altares; ‘Reineta Castanha’ and ‘Reineta Verde Miuda’; ‘Maçā Pêra,’ ‘Maçā Calhau’, ‘Pêro Branco’ from Salga and from Terra-Chā and ‘Maçā Marmelo’; and the five genotypes ‘Maçā Sao Joao’, ‘Malápio Rosa’, ‘Maçā Gaspar’, ‘Maçā Branca’ and ‘Maçā Pato’. In addition, two homonyms were detected. ‘Pêro Vermelho’ from Terra Chā was a separate genotype from a tree from Doze Ribeiras of the same name, but Pêro Branco from Terra Chā appears to be a clone that can be distinguished by an additional allele at CH1F07a from a tree with that name from Salga. One pair of apple clones, ‘Reineta Agosto’ and ‘Reineta Verde’ from Altares appear to be derived from an unreduced gamete of ‘Golden Delicious.’ Another apple genotype ‘Maçā Acida’ could be a sibling of the ‘Maçā Pêra’ clonal group. Other tested standard apples from the US genebank were unrelated to Terceira genotypes. Of the seven heritage pears, five unique genotypes and one pair of synonyms were detected. ‘Pêra Papo Pintassilgo’ from Raminho and ‘Pêra Vermelha’ from the nursery of Serviço de Desenvolvimento Agario da Terceira (SDAT) were synonyms. ‘Passans du Portugal’ was related to ‘Pêra Cabaca’ but other standard pears from the US genebank were unrelated to Terceira genotypes. Future studies will include additional apple and pear cultivars from other Islands of the Azores and continental Portugal, and wild Asian species to further explore genetic relationships.     

蜜梨NFC果汁清咽功能评价的动物试验研究

为了评价蜜梨NFC果汁的清咽功能,通过大鼠棉球植入、大鼠足趾肿胀、小鼠耳廓肿胀3种动物模型试验,研究不同剂量的蜜梨NFC果汁对大鼠肉芽肿重、大鼠足趾肿胀率、小鼠耳廓肿胀率和动物体重增长的影响。结果表明,与阴性对照组(CK)相比,高剂量组(T3)大鼠肉芽肿净量减少23.47%,差异极显著;T3致炎后2、4 h和中剂量组(T2)致炎后4 h的大鼠足趾肿胀率分别减少14.5%、20.4%和16.5%,且差异显著;T2、T3小鼠耳廓肿胀率分别减少24.1%和27.8%,差异显著;而高、中、低3个剂量组的大鼠或小鼠体重增长量在试验期间均无显著差异。因此,大鼠棉球植入、大鼠足趾肿胀和小鼠耳廓肿胀试验结果均为阳性,且蜜梨NFC果汁对大鼠或小鼠的正常生长无影响,表明蜜梨NFC果汁动物试验结果为阳性,具有清咽功能。研究结果可为蜜梨清咽功能的开发利用提供参考依据。