全面取消农业税利弊分析及对策研究

目前,我国已经整体上进入工业化中期阶段,取消农业税势在必行,它不仅有利于增加农民收入,缓和农村社会矛盾,还有利于我国和谐社会的发展,但取消农业税的同时也带来了诸如财政收入锐减、农村公益事业难以发展、农村义务教育面临困境等一系列问题。因此,政府在取消农业税后应加快推进农村综合配套改革。     

不同寄主植物对小菜蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella L.)是世界范围内十字花科植物的头号害虫,试验在26℃、光照明暗比为16L∶8D、湿度为70%的条件下,以甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L.)(‘秦甘70’‘秦甘80’‘绿球66’)、小青菜(Brassica chinensis L.)(‘上海四月慢’)、花椰菜(Brassica oleracea L.var.botrytis)(‘荷兰83号’)和油菜(Brassica napus L.)(‘青杂7号’)6个不同品种4类十字花科蔬菜为食料,观察小菜蛾一个完整世代的不同生命参数,并分析取食不同十字花科寄主的小菜蛾生长发育状况及繁殖差异。结果表明:在6个不同品种4类十字花科中,取食‘荷兰83号’花椰菜的小菜蛾试验组幼虫历期、蛹历期、蛹质量、卵历期及全世代历期最短,其全世代存活率最高;取食‘上海4月慢’小青菜的小菜蛾试验组幼虫存活率、化蛹率、蛹羽化率、卵孵化率及全世代存活率最低,其成虫历期、卵历期及全世代历期为最长。在4类十字花科寄主中,小菜蛾的最适寄主植物为‘荷兰83号’花椰菜,最不适宜小菜蛾生长发育及繁殖的为‘上海四月慢’小青菜。     

Proximate and mineral components of Viscum album var. coloratum grown on eight different host tree species

Mistletoes are parasite plants growing on various tree species,taking nutrients from the host.Beneficial compounds of mistletoe were used in medicine and these mistletoes were commonly collected from oak species that were not well identified.We analyzed the nutritional value by measuring proximate and mineral components of Korean mistletoe(Viscum album var.coloratum)from various host trees.Carbohydrate was the most proximate component in both leaves and twigs followed crude protein,crude fiber,crude ash and crude fat.While the contents of the proximate components and minerals varied among hosts and between plant parts,leaves contained higher crude protein and ash,and more minerals except for magnesium than twigs,although no significant difference was found inmistletoe grown on Prunus mandshurica.There were significant differences of proximate and mineral contents depending on the host species.Mistletoe grown on Chaenomeles sinensis contained higher levels of carbohydrates,crude fat,crude ash,magnesium,calcium,sodium,iron,and zinc than mistletoe grown on other species.Mistletoe grown on P.mandshurica contained high mineral levels of potassium,copper and phosphorous.The nutritional value of mistletoes were greatly influenced by the host species but among the hosts,specific nutrients accumulated in leaves more than in twigs,and vice versa.Based on the analysis,Korean mistletoe contains relatively good quality of nutrients and has high potential for dietary supplements as well as for medicinal compounds.     

作物残体去向与利用及对土壤氮素转化的影响

近年来,作物残体还田受到了很大的关注,一方面它可以改进土壤氮素的动态变化,减少硝态氮淋失;另一方面可作为提高耕地土壤作为潜在氮储库的一种手段。作物残体是碳、氮的重要源和库,因此还田后会影响土壤中的氮素循环。本文综述了作物残体还田后对土壤氮素转化的影响及残体氮素的利用与去向问题。具体阐述了以下几个方面内容:作物残体的降解过程及影响因素,残体氮素的利用率及去向问题,以及作物残体对土壤无机氮库、有机氮库、微生物特征的影响。     

Fungicide and cultivar effects on the development and temporal progress of wheat blast under field conditions

The epidemiology of wheat blast, caused by the Triticum pathotype of Pyricularia oryzae, is poorly understood, making it very difficult to manage. We reported on the individual and combined effect of host resistance and fungicide application for managing wheat blast disease on spikes. Two field experiments (Exp. 1 and Exp. 2) were conducted in a region of Brazil where blast is not known to be endemic to evaluate its development as influenced by fungicide and host resistance. Plots of wheat cultivars BR-18 (partially resistant) and Guamirim (susceptible) were either treated with the fungicide epoxiconazole + pyraclostrobin or left non-treated, and then inoculated with a spore suspension of P. oryzae at mid-anthesis. Spike blast incidence and severity, quantified at regular intervals after inoculation, increased over time, and fungicide and cultivar had statistically significant effects (P < 0.005) on both measures of disease and their temporal rates of progress. Relative to Guamirim-non-treated, BR-18-non-treated (resistance alone) led to 44 and 64% control of final incidence and severity, respectively, in Exp. 1, and 3 and 49% control, respectively, in Exp. 2. Guamirim-treated (fungicide alone) led to 65% control of incidence and 77% control of severity in Exp. 1, and 64% control of incidence and 95% control of severity in Exp. 2. For both incidence and severity, fungicide and resistance alone also reduced the temporal rate of progress relative to the susceptible non-treated. However, the greatest overall efficacy was observed when resistance and fungicide were combined, with over 70 and 90% control of final incidence and severity, respectively, and over 75% reduction in the temporal rate of spike blast progress. Based on percent control, the integrated effect of resistance and fungicide was additive for incidence, severity, and their temporal rates of progress, demonstrating the value of combining the two strategies to manage spike blast.     

反刍动物日粮组合效应的研究进展

从传统饲养体系的局限性到组合效应的概念、衡量指标类型、试验研究、发生机制、等方面综述了反刍动物日粮组合效应的研究方法与应用。     

普通大蓟马的研究进展

豇豆是海南地区重要冬季蔬菜种类之一,普通大蓟马[Megalurothrips usitatus(Bagrall)]是豇豆上的主要害虫,严重影响豇豆品质和产量,造成重大经济损失。本文概述了普通大蓟马的地理分布、鉴定方法、寄主与为害、生物学特性及其防治方法等,以期为普通大蓟马的有效防治提供参考。     

Killing of Brucella antigen-sensitized macrophages by T lymphocytes in bovine brucellosis

The present study was an investigation into the role of T lymphocytes in the killing of antigen-sensitized macrophages (MΦ) in bovine brucellosis. Following confirmation of bovine T lymphocyte cell lines derived from Brucella abortus Strain 19 vaccinated steers as antigen-specific in proliferation studies using various antigens, we adapted an apoptosis assay for evaluation of cytotoxicity by these bovine T cells against autologous monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMΦ) as target cells. Various B. abortus antigen preparations were tested including whole γ-irradiated B. abortus bacteria (γBA), a soluble cytosolic protein fraction and a membrane-associated protein fraction. Both polyclonal and cloned T lymphocyte cell lines exhibited cytotoxicity against MDMΦ targets in an antigen-specific fashion. Polyclonal and cloned T lymphocyte cell lines demonstrated cytotoxic responses to varying degrees against B. abortus antigens regardless of whether the antigen used was whole nonviable bacteria, a soluble protein extract or a membrane-associated fraction of extracted bacteria. To further develop correlation of these responses to an in vivo host defense mechanism, cytotoxicity was evaluated using target cells that had been infected with live B. abortus S19 or B. abortus Strain 2308. Cytotoxic responses were also demonstrated consistently against infected targets with either strain of B. abortus although in most cases, cytotoxicity was higher against target cells sensitized with γBA compared to those infected with live bacteria. Cloned T lymphocyte cell lines were all CD4⁺, CD8⁻ cells indicating that the observed cytotoxic responses were most likely due to an inflammatory T_h1 response and may represent an important host defense mechanism induced by vaccination with live attenuated strains of B. abortus in cattle.     

寄主植物对不同基因型麦长管蚜解毒酶活性的影响

为阐明麦长管蚜[Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)]取食不同寄主植物时体内解毒酶活性的变化,并探索寄主适应性的生理生化基础,以8种基因型麦长管蚜为研究对象,测定其1代或连续3代取食小麦、大麦、燕麦和黑麦草后,体内3种解毒酶[乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)]的活性。结果表明,麦长管蚜在4种麦类植物上饲养1代后,大麦对AChE和GST的诱导效果最显著,燕麦对CarE的诱导效果最显著。4种植物相比,大麦对麦长管蚜基因型1、2、3和8的AChE,基因型2、4、5、6和8的CarE,以及基因型1、3、5和6的GST的诱导效果较为显著。比较各寄主植物上第1代和第3代蚜虫的酶活性,发现4种寄主均对第1代蚜虫的CarE活性具有明显诱导效果;大麦对第1代蚜虫GST活性的诱导效果显著,但小麦、燕麦和黑麦草均对第3代蚜虫GST的诱导效果显著。因此,不同寄主植物对麦长管蚜体内3种解毒酶的诱导作用存在显著差异,且这种诱导作用与蚜虫的遗传背景、繁衍世代数及二者的交互作用均密切相关。