动物对应激反应的调节机理综述

应激往往是由多种因素造成的非特异性反应,对动物的健康和生产产生负面影响,它会使动物免疫力下降,增加动物患病的几率。对于猪群来说,饲养场地变换、运输、密度过大、温度过高或过低、疫苗注射、疾病等都可以造成应激。应激反应是动物机体对这些紧张性事件的适应性反应,主要是机体的神经、内分泌等系统对内外环境刺激的系统性反馈,以此来使机体重新达到平衡状态,对生物的生存具有十分重要的意义。文章针对神经系统和内分泌系统对应激的调节机理进行了回顾。     

扦插基质与激素处理对油茶扦插生根的影响研究

以广东省野生油茶母树嫩枝或1 a插穗为试验材料,探讨不同基质、激素溶液和浸穗时间对油茶扦插育苗效果的影响.研究结果表明:以100％细沙为扦插基质时,生根率、侧根数和侧根长,分别为66.84％、2.88条和2.78 cm,显著大于其它处理(P＜0.05);3种激素(IAA、NAA、ABT6)处理中,采用ABT6溶液处理的生根率和侧根长最大,侧根数较多,均显著大于CK (P ＜0.05);浸穗处理中,25 mg/L ABT6溶液浸泡2h处理的生根率最高,为84.37％,侧根数和侧根长也较多,分别为3.49条和2.31 cm.因此进行油茶秋季扦插繁殖时,插穗宜采用25 mg/L ABT6溶液浸泡2h后,扦插于100％细沙基质上.     

不同激素处理对乌拉尔甘草愈伤组织中甘草酸含量的影响

为获得乌拉尔甘草愈伤组织中甘草酸生产的最佳配方。现利用随机区组设计和高效液相色谱法分析测定愈伤组织中甘草酸的含量。结果表明:细胞分裂素与生长素搭配使用有利于甘草酸的积累,特别是生长素IAA与BA组合有利于甘草酸形成,单独使用激素BA不利于甘草酸含量积累;适宜甘草愈伤组织中甘草酸形成的培养基配方为MS+BA 0.5 mg/L+IAA0.5 mg/L+蔗糖20 g/L,甘草酸产量平均最高为120 mg/g;适宜的外植体为根状茎。     

太湖猪分娩后一周乳中若干酶与激素的动态变化

 试验对8头太湖猪(二花脸)分娩后一周及第20天乳中酶及激素进行研究,结果表明,分娩后第1天r-GT和AM在猪奶中的活力最高,分别为7.89±1.07,227.69±32.58u/ml,以后呈下降趋势,前4天水平均显着高于第20天(p<0.01).LP活力在1～4天内急剧上升达191.00±35.34u/ml,然后逐渐下降。AM和LP活力呈高度负相关(r=-0.905,p<0.01).GH和INS水平以分娩后第1天最高,分别为7.69±0.81,337.69±33.49ng/ml,第4天均出现一个小峰,之后呈下降趋势。而PRL只在分娩后1～4天的奶中检测到。     

Endocrinal responses in exercising horses

The intensity and duration of exercise exert a major influence on energy expenditure and physiological changes in the horse. Stressful environmental conditions, acclimation, and training status may further modify these responses. To maintain functional homeostasis during exercise, changes in autonomic nervous activity and hormone secretion are coupled to both the feedforward and the feedback mechanisms that control substrate mobilisation and utilisation.During exercise, both the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis are activated, which increases the circulating levels of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline. Furthermore, adrenaline inhibits the release of insulin from the pancreas. Catecholamines, adrenaline, and noradrenaline increase glycogen breakdown in the muscles. In the liver, catecholamines, together with cortisol, increase blood glucose by activating glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis. Cortisol and catecholamines also enhance the mobilisation of free fatty acids from fat stores.In addition to efficient energy metabolism, the ability to exercise is highly dependent on the well-coordinated neuroendocrine control of cardiovascular function. Catecholamines increase oxygen delivery during exercise by enhancing cardiac output, splenic erythrocyte release, and skeletal muscle flow. Furthermore, cardiovascular homeostasis is maintained by changes in plasma renin activity and in plasma concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), arginine vasopressin, and aldosterone.     

小麦穗粒数的调节 Ⅱ开花前遮光对穗碳水化合物代谢和内源激素水平的影响

在小麦开花前１６～８ｄ和开花前８ｄ至开花期进行遮光处理（遮光率７０％～８０％）分别使穗粒数减少了３７％和２３％。在处理期间，遮光穗的还原糖（葡萄糖＋果糖）和果聚糖浓度显著低于对照穗，而蔗糖浓度与对照差异较小。遮光处理降低了穗中蔗糖－蔗糖果糖基转移酶（ＳＳＴ）和可溶性酸性转化酶（ＡＩ）的活性。分析穗器官吲哚乙酸（ＩＡＡ）、玉米素／玉米素核苷（Ｚ／ＺＲ）和脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）含量表明，遮光处理对穗中ＩＡＡ和Ｚ／ＺＲ水平没有明显影响，但显著提高了穗中ＡＢＡ水平。这些结果暗示，遮光限制了同化物供给，也限制了穗库对同化物的转化和利用；穗库活性的下降可能与ＡＢＡ水平的上升有关。     

水涝胁迫对银杏内源激素和细胞溶质含量的影响

研究了水涝胁迫对银杏叶片中内源激素和细胞溶质含量的影响。研究结果表明,水涝胁迫使银杏叶片中GA1+3I、AA和ZRs含量明显降低,在受涝后的第35天时,银杏叶片中的GA1+3I、AA和ZRs含量分别降为7.13、3.27、9.67 nmol/g。正常情况下,银杏叶片中ABA含量在4.74~8.57 nmol/g,始终保持在较低水平,受涝后的第51、01、5、20、25天,银杏叶片中ABA含量分别为15.35、18.41、20.56、22.632、4.91 nmol/g,明显比对照高,且随胁迫时间的延长,增加的幅度呈上升趋势。水涝胁迫使银杏叶片中可溶性总糖、还原糖、蔗糖和脯氨酸含量增加,而使银杏叶片中淀粉和蛋白质含量降低。正常情况下,银杏叶片脯氨酸含量在22.21~30.08 mg/g,始终保持在较低水平,受涝后,银杏叶片中脯氨酸含量急剧上升。     

Plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations involved in the somatotropic axis of Japanese Black heifers in association with growth hormone gene polymorphism

Bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene polymorphism of leucine (Leu)-threonine (Thr) (allele A), valine (Val)-Thr (allele B), and Val-methionine (Met) (allele C) at codons 127 and 172 was shown to relate with carcass trait variations in Japanese Black cattle. In this study, 10-mo-old Japanese Black heifers with growth hormone (GH) genotypes AA, AB, BB, AC, BC, and CC (N = 141) were compared for basal GH, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin, ghrelin, glucose, and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations. Growth hormone release was also measured as response to growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH) (0.4 μg/kg body weight [BW]) using 18 heifers with GH genotypes AA, BB, and CC (n = 6 for each group). The genotype AA heifers showed the greatest BW among genotypes (P < 0.05). Genotype AC, BC, and CC heifers showed greater GH concentrations than genotype AA, AB, or BB heifers, in which genotype CC heifers had the highest concentrations (P < 0.05). However, IGF-1 concentrations did not significantly differ. The genotype AA and BB heifers had a greater GH release at 60 min following GHRH injection than did the genotype CC heifers. The area under the curve (AUC; P < 0.07) and incremental area (IA; P < 0.08) of GH responses to the GHRH challenge tended to be the highest in the genotype AA heifers and the lowest in the genotype CC heifers. In conclusion, GH gene polymorphism altered GH, which may have contributed to differences in BW and carcass traits among genotypes.     

白菜核雄性不育两用系生理生化特性的分析

 白菜核隐性雄性不育两用系开花期，可育株群花蕾抗氰呼吸强度显著高于不育株群；不育株群花蕾的I从缺乏，而zr盈余；过氧化物同工酶带不育株群的中花蕾和大花蕾强于可育株群；细胞色素氧化酶同功酶可育株群中的小花蕾和中花蕾的两条带强于不育株群；可育株群的中花蕾可溶性蛋白电泳表现出两条特异带，而不育株群的中花蕾有一条特异带。