科尔沁沙地樟子松疏林草地土壤有机碳及其稳定性特征

[目的]探讨科尔沁沙地半干旱区樟子松疏林草地土壤有机碳及其稳定性。[方法]通过分析林内0～5、5～10、10～20和20～30cm层土壤有机碳(SOC)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)以及土壤易氧化有机碳(Clab)含量,揭示樟子松疏林草地SOC含量及其稳定性。[结果]樟子松疏林草地SOC含量随土层深度的增加而降低,由表层(0～5 cm)的6.77 g/kg降到深层(20～30 cm)的3.51 g/kg,下降了约48%;MBC在土壤空间分布上表现为先降低后增加,Clab含量呈相同的变化趋势。[结论]随着土层深度的增加,樟子松疏林草地Clab含量升高,表明樟子松疏林草地SOC的稳定性随土壤深度的增加而降低。     

密集烤房“3层改4层”烘烤试验研究

通过对比试验研究了密集烤房3层和4层烘烤方式对烤烟能耗和烟叶品质的影响。结果表明:与常规3层挂烟相比,4层挂烟方式明显增加了烤房容量,每1kg干烟用工成本下降20.06%,耗能成本降低22.78%,烤后烟叶质量优于3层烘烤,具有广泛的推广价值。     

The impact of feeding supplemental chelated trace minerals on shell quality,tibia breaking strength,and immune response in laying hens

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of long-term inclusion of the trace elements zinc, copper, and manganese chelated with the hydroxy analogue of methionine on layer performance, eggshell quality, tibia breaking strength, and immune response. A total of 216 Hy-Line W-36 laying hens were allocated to 6 treatments with 36 pens/treatment and 1 hen/cage using a randomized complete block design. There were 6 treatments with supplemental Zn-Cu-Mn, as follows: T1 0-0-0 ppm, T2 20-5-20 ppm as sulfates, T3 20-5-20 ppm as chelates, T4 40-10-40 ppm as sulfates, T5 40-10-40 ppm as chelates, and T6 80-10-80 as sulfates. The feeding of dietary treatments started at wk 24 pullet age and measurements of the key parameters were made from wk 44 to 80. Overall results (one-way ANOVA) indicated a significant treatment effect (P < 0.05) for shell thickness (at wk 74). Hens fed either no supplemental trace minerals (T1) or lower levels of supplemental inorganic trace minerals (ITM) (T2) had lower (P < 0.05) shell thickness when compared to high levels of sulfates (T6). Supplemental minerals as chelates at lower levels (T3) resulted in comparable (P > 0.05) response to T1 and T6 but different (P < 0.05) from T2. Factorial analysis of the data showed an improvement in shell breaking strength (P < 0.05 at wk 68), shell thickness (P = 0.08 at wk 68; P = 0.03 at wk 74), tibia breaking strength (P = 0.07) and antibody (Ab) titers to SRBCs (P < 0.05 at wk 63; 1 wk after secondary antigen challenge) in hens fed chelated trace mineral when compared to inorganic trace minerals. In summary, feeding laying hens’ diets containing supplemental chelated trace minerals showed improvements in eggshell thickness and immune response when compared to inorganic salts at specific time points measured during the latter part of the laying cycle.     

日粮中添加绿茶粉及茶多酚对罗曼蛋鸡脂质代谢的影响

选择18周龄罗曼蛋鸡为研究对象,1620只罗曼蛋鸡随机平均分成9组,每组3个水平,每个水平60只,饲养周期为98 d;对照组喂基础日粮,其他8组在日粮中添加2、4、6、8 g/kg的绿茶粉和0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 g/kg的茶多酚,研究绿茶粉和茶多酚对罗曼蛋鸡的腿肌、胸肌、蛋及血液中胆固醇及甘油三酯的影响。经定期取样测定,结果表明,日粮中添加6、8 g/kg绿茶粉和1.5、2.0 g/kg茶多酚能降低蛋鸡机体组织和鸡蛋及血液中胆固醇和甘油三酯的含量,最大的降低趋势出现在添加后8~10周,茶多酚的效果略优于绿茶粉。本研究为开发绿茶粉在鸡饲料中的应用提供了理论基础。     

热应激对产蛋鸡的影响及其综合防治

从生理变化、临床特征等方面阐述了热应激对产蛋鸡的影响;详细叙述了高温季节对产蛋鸡群热应激的综合防治措施;列举了17种可以缓解热应激的药物,并给出了各种药物的给药方式与添加剂量,为集约化蛋鸡养殖户及相关兽医工作者提供参考。     

不同复方中草药添加剂对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

试验选择体质良好41周龄的罗曼褐壳蛋鸡945只,分成5组,每组3个重复,每个重复63只。Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组为试验组,分别在基础日粮中添加0.1%中草药A(党参、当归、虎板、菟丝子、益母草、大蒜素、多维等)、0.1%中草药B(当归、甘草(浆)、干姜、知母、多维等)、0.1%中草药C(水牛角、石膏、黄连、牡开皮、秸秆、甘草、连翅、知母)和0.1%中草药D(穿心莲、苦参、板蓝根、甘草、恩诺少量),预试期7 d,正试期56 d,研究不同复方中草药添加剂对蛋鸡生产性能的影响。结果显示,44周龄末,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组产蛋率比对照组分别提高0.92%(P<0.05)和0.78%(P<0.05);49周龄末,对照组产蛋率显著低于各试验组(P<0.05),且试验Ⅱ组蛋重显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。提示,复方中草药添加剂显著改善了蛋鸡的平均产蛋率、平均蛋重和死淘率,其中以试验Ⅱ组配方效果较好。     

拔节期和开花期不同土层深度测墒补灌对北方小麦 旗叶叶绿体超微结构和荧光特性的影响

【目的】研究拔节期和开花期土层深度测墒补灌对北方小麦旗叶叶绿体超微结构和叶绿素荧光特性的影响,为小麦节水高产栽培提供理论依据和技术参考。【方法】以济麦22小麦品种为试验材料,于2011-2012年和2012-2013年小麦生长季,在大田条件下设置4个测墒补灌土层深度（0-20 cm、0-40 cm、0-60 cm和0-140 cm,各处理土壤相对含水量均补灌至75%,以生育期不灌水为对照）,用透射电镜观察旗叶叶绿体超微结构、乙醇提取法测定叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光仪测定叶绿素荧光参数,研究不同处理对小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、叶绿体超微结构、叶绿素荧光特性及籽粒产量、水分利用效率和经济效益的影响。【结果】（1）依据0-40 cm土层测墒补灌,开花后22 d旗叶叶绿体呈椭圆形,沿细胞膜紧密排列,叶绿体膜和细胞膜完整,基粒片层清晰且沿叶绿体长轴方向排列,基粒片层间由清晰的基质片层连接;依据0-20 cm土层测墒补灌和生育期不补灌的处理旗叶叶绿体超微结构均有损伤,不补灌的处理损伤最重,叶绿体变为圆形,在细胞内排列紊乱,叶绿体膜和细胞膜溶解,细胞壁断裂。依据0-60 cm土层测墒补灌与依据0-40 cm土层测墒补灌叶绿体超微结构无显著差异,测墒补灌土层加深至0-140 cm,叶绿体膜完整,细胞膜部分损伤,基粒片层间出现缝隙。（2）相关分析表明,旗叶叶肉细胞叶绿体数、叶绿体基粒数和基粒片层数均与叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关（r＝0.99**,0.99**,0.96**）。依据0-40 cm土层测墒补灌,开花后22 d旗叶叶肉细胞叶绿体数、叶绿体基粒数和基粒片层数比依据0-20 cm土层测墒补灌和生育期不补灌的处理显著增加,是其叶绿素含量较高的主要原因;测墒补灌土层加深至0-60 cm和0-140 cm,旗叶叶肉细胞叶绿体数、叶绿体基粒数和基粒片层数无显著增加,叶绿素含量亦无显著增加。（3）依据0-40 cm土层测墒补灌,灌浆中后期旗叶最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）、表观光合电子传递速率（ETR）和千粒重、籽粒产量及经济效益均比依据0-20 cm土层测墒补灌和生育期不补灌的处理显著增加,水分利用效率比依据0-20 cm土层测墒补灌的处理显著增加。测墒补灌土层加深至0-60 cm或0-140 cm,Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ和ETR均无显著增加,千粒重、籽粒产量、水分利用效率和经济效益亦无显著提高。【结论】依据0-40 cm土层测墒补灌,旗叶叶绿体超微结构保持良好,叶肉细胞叶绿体数、叶绿体基粒数和基粒片层数较多,小麦灌浆中后期叶绿素含量和荧光参数较高,是其千粒重和籽粒产量较高的主要原因。综合籽粒产量、水分利用效率和经济效益,依据0-40 cm土层测墒补灌的处理为本试验条件下的最优处理。     

定额喷灌对滨海盐碱地的改良效果研究

为明确喷灌洗盐对滨海盐碱地土壤盐分的淋洗效果。本文通过田间试验,研究了喷灌洗盐对滨海盐碱地0 ~ 10cm、10 ~ 20cm、20 ~ 40cm、40 ~ 60cm、60 ~ 80cm和80 ~ 100cm土层盐度的淋洗效果。试验结果表明：洗盐水量与脱盐效果成正比,即用水量越多洗盐效果越明显。经过喷灌洗盐后,不同土层盐分含量均有所降低,且脱盐效果随土层深度的增加而呈下降趋势。实验地1(SY1)和实验地2(SY2)在0 ~ 10cm、10 ~ 20cm、20 ~ 40cm、40 ~ 60cm、60 ~ 80cm和80 ~ 100cm土层脱盐率分别为55.34% 和56.72%、53.80% 和48.53%、20.89% 和25.05%、2.04%和5.24%、3.59%和5.63%、6.59% 和6.10%。结合数据分析,喷灌洗盐对SY1和SY2在0 ~ 10cm、10 ~ 20cm土层盐分淋洗效果最佳,其脱盐率在48.53% ~ 56.72%之间。该研究可为喷灌技术合理和可持续开发利用滨海盐碱地提供一定参考。     

Screening of Reference Genes for Gene Expression in Layer Hens Tissues Using Real-time Quantitative PCR

To screen the reference genes of stable expression in different tissues of Hy-line layer (Gallus domesticus), RPS2, β-actin, GAPDH and HMBS genes were chosen as candidate gene, the software of geNorm, NormFinder and the Ct value were employed to analyze their stability in eight tissues (heart, liver, lung, kidney, duodenum, tibia, pancreas and uterus) of 120 days of age layers using Real-time quantitative PCR technology. The results showed that RPS2 gene was always dominant stability by the analysis of Ct value and geNorm software, the β-actin gene was followed; The NormFinder software showed that the HMBS gene was relative stability, and HMBS and RPS2 genes were the optimal combination; When analyzed the expression of constant reference gene in different tissues, it found that the most stable reference gene in different tissues was not the same. Therefore, it concluded that different tissues had different optimal gene, but they had the common potential, RPS2 and β-actin genes had the relative expression stability comparing the other gene.     

实时荧光定量PCR研究蛋鸡组织基因表达的内参基因筛选

为筛选出蛋鸡不同组织中稳定表达的内参基因,试验以120日龄的海兰灰蛋鸡（Gallus domesticus）为试验动物,选取常见内参基因RPS2、β-actin、GAPDH和HMBS作为候选基因,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术Ct值分析法对4个候选内参基因的相对表达进行测定,利用独立评价软件geNorm和NormFinder对蛋鸡的4个候选内参基因在不同组织（心脏、肝脏、肺脏、肾脏、肠、胫骨、胰脏和子宫）中的表达稳定性进行评价。结果显示,Ct值分析和geNorm程序分析均得出相似的结果,即RPS2基因始终占主导地位,稳定性最强,β-actin基因次之;NormFinder软件分析显示,HMBS基因稳定性最好,最佳组合为HMBS和RPS2基因;当分析不同组织中表达恒定的内参基因时,发现不同组织最稳定的内参基因也不完全相同。由此说明,不同的组织器官和不同的分析方法得出的结论虽然不完全一致,但它们却有着一定的潜在共性,发展趋势有一定相似性,即RPS2和β-actin基因相对稳定性更强。